Association between ambient air pollution and colorectal cancer risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Abstract

Growing evidence links air pollution to colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. We examined this association within the large Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC). Geocoded residential addresses for 98,675 California MEC participants were appended to ambient air pollution measures of PM2.5 (particulate matter [PM] with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm), PM10 (PM <10μm), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3), generated from enrollment (1993-1996) to December 31, 2018. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations of time-varying air pollutants with CRC incidence (n=3,217 cases). We assessed heterogeneity in associations by demographics, tumor stage, and anatomical subsite. CRC incidence increased with PM2.5 exposure (per 10μg/m3; hazard ratio [HR]=1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.96-1.33), mainly among female (HR=1.29, 95% CI=1.03-1.62) but not among male participants (Pheterogeneity=0.08). CRC incidence also increased with NOx exposure among female (HR=1.22, 95% CI=1.01-1.48) but not male participants (Pheterogeneity=0.07). Increased incidence associated with PM2.5 (HR=1.36, 95% CI=1.05-1.76), NO2 (per 20 parts per billion [ppb]; HR=1.32, 95% CI=1.05-1.68) and CO (per 1000 ppb; HR=1.36, 95% CI=1.01-1.84) exposures were observed for left colon and rectal cancers combined, but not right colon cancers (Pheterogeneity by site=0.08, 0.06 and 0.13, respectively). Associations of PM2.5 and NO2 with rectal cancer incidence differed by population group (Pheterogeneity=0.04 and 0.03, respectively), and was mostly driven by positive associations among Latino participants. In summary, increasing PM2.5, NO2, NOx, and CO exposures were suggestively associated with increased CRC incidence, particularly among female and Latino participants and for left colon and rectal cancers.