Cooperative hunting and prey refuge in a stage-structured predator–prey system: Fear-induced dynamics

Refuge, Competition, and Diffusion: Pathways to Spatiotemporal Complexity in a Predator–Prey Model

A nonlinear predator–prey interaction model in which the prey population seeks refuge, and predators exhibit interspecific competition is proposed and analyzed, indicating that temporal stability in the nonspatial system does not guarantee spatial uniformity, as diffusion can cause instability and lead to the emergence...

Coexistence, Oscillations, and Chaos in a Discrete Predator-Prey System with Fear-Modulated Prey Growth

A discrete-time predator–prey model is formulated in which predator-induced fear modifies prey reproduction through an exponential suppression mechanism, while predator consumption follows a Holling type-II functional response, emphasizing that predator-induced fear can substantially modify population fluctuations and...

Modeling producer–scrounger evolution strategy in prey populations with additional food, prey refuge, and toxic effects on prey–predator dynamics

Fear and refuge effects in a three-species predator–prey–competitor model: insights from the Yellowstone wolf–elk–bison system

Dynamics of a predator-prey system incorporating a saturated prey refuge and a fear-induced Allee effect

It is shown that the increasing amount of fear and the Allee effect can produce complicated dynamics that can be controlled by refuge use, and it also assures that prey refuges raise prey numbers but not the predators.

Dynamics and optimal harvesting of a fractional predator–prey system with fear and anti-predator mechanisms

Wild prey are shaped by predators long before they are caught. Fear alone suppresses reproduction, physical refuges reduce exposure, and many species strike back directly at their attackers, imposing real costs on the hunter. To investigate the combined effects of these behavioral mechanisms, we develop a Caputo fracti...