Beyond Answer Sharing: TrueMAD for Targeted Peer Engagement in Multi-Agent Debate

Abstract

Multi-agent debate (MAD) aims to improve large language model reasoning by exposing agents to alternative solutions and enabling iterative revision. However, standard broadcast-style MAD makes peer answers visible without requiring agents to engage with a particular peer claim. As a result, reliable reasoning may be suppressed by conflicting or majority responses, limiting achievable performance, while erroneous reasoning may persist and degrade final predictions without actionable feedback. We propose TrueMAD, a backbone-agnostic test-time plug-in that introduces one-to-one, free-form peer advice between answer broadcasting and self-revision. Each source agent responds to a target's current reasoning through support, rebuttal, refinement, or further questions, while the target retains control over how to revise. The same mechanism can augment standard MAD and its improved variants without parameter updates. Across AIME, GPQA-Diamond, and TruthfulQA with Qwen3-30B-A3B, TrueMAD improves agent-level and strict-majority accuracy over MAD by 3.62 and 3.52 percentage points on average, while TrueDMAD improves DMAD by 4.72 and 4.06 points, respectively. Analyses at the utterance, agent-transition, and group levels further show more peer-specific deliberation, more correction-oriented revisions, and more favorable consensus dynamics.