Oil pollution and water quality in Awoye, Nigeria: Total  petroleum hydrocarbon and microbial assessment

Abstract

This study assessed the health implications of oil pollution in Awoye, Ondo State, Nigeria, through the evaluation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and microbial contamination in surface and borehole water sources. Results showed that surface water was more heavily impacted by hydrocarbon pollution than borehole water, with hydrocarbon profiles indicating recent petrogenic contamination. Microbial analyses revealed total coliform and fecal coliform counts exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) safety standards in both water sources, while the detection of E. coli confirmed ongoing fecal contamination. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified anthropogenic petroleum activities as the primary source of contamination, with additional contributions from natural and combustion-related sources. Health risk assessment indicated hazard index values below the threshold of concern for non-carcinogenic chemical effects in both adults and children, although children demonstrated relatively greater exposure vulnerability. Despite the low chemical risk, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and hydrocarbon pollutants represents a significant threat to water quality and community well-being. The findings underscore the need for improved water treatment, enhanced sanitation practices and continuous environmental monitoring to reduce contamination and protect public health in oil-impacted coastal communities.