Evaluation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollution in Soil Environment Impacted by Illegal Artisanal Refining in Bayelsa, Nigeria

Abstract

Illegal artisanal refining of crude oil is widespread in the Niger Delta and poses serious threats to soil quality, ecosystem function and human health. This study evaluated the extent, composition, and potential impacts of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in soils impacted by illegal artisanal refining of crud in from Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from two major artisanal refining hotspots and from a background (unimpacted) location. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed GC-MS following standard procedures. Speciation of the PAH compound was also carried out. Results indicated markedly elevated concentrations of TPH and PAHs in soils at refining sites relative to background areas, with distinct spatial hotspots proximal to where refining operations lasted longer. PAH profiles showed predominance of higher-molecular-weight, persistent compounds, including those with known carcinogenicity. Risk calculations signaled both ecological and human-health concerns. The findings point to the need for targeted remediation, continuous environmental monitoring, stronger enforcement of regulations and community-centered alternatives to artisanal refining. The study provides a baseline for remediation planning and for policymaking to reduce long-term environmental and public-health burdens in Bayelsa.