Agrobiotechnological Potential of Pleurotus Ostreatus from an Ecological–Socioeconomic Perspective in India: A Review
Abstract
India produces nearly 1 billion tonnes of agriculture residues and agro-industrial waste each year, much of which is disposed of via open field burning, resulting in seasonal air pollution crises, nutrient loss from soil, and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In light of this problem, the white-rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushrooms) can provide a unique coupling of ecological remediation, food security, and rural job creation. The present paper reviews the available published literature (2020-2026) to explore the agro-biotechnology potential of P. ostreatus via an integrated ecological and socio-economic perspective (specific to India). Published literature is reviewed related to the biology of P. ostreatus as well as descriptions of the low input production systems that grow the mushroom; substrate types that can be used to grow the mushroom; and descriptions of the ligninolytic enzymes involved in the decomposition of lignocellulosic substrates and degradation of environmental toxic compounds (i.e. dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), such as other heavy metals. Nutritional literature, describing protein, dietary fibre, â-glucans, and phenolic compounds, is reviewed; and examples of hypolipidaemic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of edible fruiting bodies (mushrooms) are provided. Finally, examples of both mushroom substrate valorisation and the development of mycelium biomaterials to replace plastic and synthetic materials in a circular bioeconomy are presented. The socioeconomic aspect of Indian smallholders shall be measured by evaluating P. ostreatus with regards to employment, empowerment of females, self-help group business enterprises, and tribal/homestead livelihoods. The review concludes that P. ostreatus presents a strategic opportunity for sustainable agricultural production in India. However, three main issues impacting the full potential of P. ostreatus must be addressed: quality of spawn, post-harvest handling systems; and standardisation and/or support from policy.