Aug 2026· Electrotehnică, electronică, automatică· Vol 74, pp. 108-116· 0 citations
TL;DR
This work proposes a meta-heuristic approach that integrates the honey bee Food Foraging process with Genetics Algorithm (FFGA) for vehicular task offloading, and demonstrates that the proposed FFGA system outperforms other existing schemes, including the hybrid vehicular edge cloud (HVC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the multi-decision based offloading (MDO).
Abstract
The advancement of vehicle technology enables it to handle complex tasks such as augmented reality, automatic parking, and driving, which demand significant computational power and are sensitive to delays. However, the computational capabilities of these vehicles are limited. As a result, Vehicle Edge Computing (VEC) has been introduced to offload some computational burdens to neighbouring vehicles and edge servers. The main challenge of this system lies in managing offloading in scenarios with frequent disconnections and high-speed driving. To address this challenge, we have formulated the task offloading problem with the goal of minimizing overall time, considering its NP-hard nature and multiple constraints. Our proposed solution is a meta-heuristic approach that integrates the honey bee Food Foraging process with Genetics Algorithm (FFGA) for vehicular task offloading. In the food foraging process, scouts are sent to locate nearby area, which in our case are edge servers and gather contextual details, and upon their return, they perform a dance resembling the infinity symbol, where the central angle indicates the direction of the food field and the speed of the dance signifies the quality of the found food source. The vehicle client uses this information to select one edge server to be in charge of the offloading process. Subsequently, we apply the genetic algorithm to generate an optimized allocation scheme of tasks by considering contextual details of nearby nodes. These details include computational capacity, availability, location, and driving speed. The optimization operators of the genetic algorithm are used to determine the assignment of tasks to nodes. Extensive simulations have demonstrated that the proposed FFGA system outperforms other existing schemes, including the hybrid vehicular edge cloud (HVC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the multi-decision based offloading (MDO).
A framework based on GTGO to jointly offload, schedule and allocate resources to different tasks and augment it with an integrated explainable AI (XAI) module is presented, indicating that the suggested framework is an effective, efficient, and transparent resource management solution in intelligent vehicular edge computing systems.
Aditi Moudgil, S. Rani, Fazlullah Khan· PLoS ONE· 0 citations
The rapid growth of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) applications has imposed strict requirements on low-latency and energy-efficient computing services. This letter investigates a multi-Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-assisted IoV system, where multiple Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)-enabled UAVs (MUs) collaboratively provide computing services for vehicular terminals (VTs). To improve service capability, we propose an energy-efficient task offloading and load balancing scheme that jointly considers vehicle mobility, task offloading and migration, and computing resource allocation to formulate an optimization problem. To solve this problem, a collective learning (CL)-enabled multi-agent reinforcement learning (CL-MARL) algorithm is proposed, where each agent learns optimal policies through centralized training and collective cooperative learning. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms benchmark strategies in terms of energy efficiency, task completion rate, and load balancing.
Yongbin Wang, Peng Lin, Yan Liu et al.· IEEE Wireless Communications...· 0 citations
This survey aims to provide a unified perspective for understanding DTO and provide methodological guidance for designing next-generation VEC systems and proposes a synthesized five-dimensional dependency taxonomy specifically designed for VEC.
The growing demand for multimedia services in Internet of Things (IoT) networks has significantly increased the traffic load on backhaul links, making Mobile Edge Caching (MEC) a key technology for reducing content delivery latency. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can serve as mobile aerial caching nodes that complement fixed ground infrastructure, but their small cache size and limited battery life restrict how long and how effectively they can operate. In addition, current approaches often optimize caching decisions, user association, and flight trajectories separately, without considering their interactions under tight energy constraints. In this paper, we formulate a joint optimization problem that aims to minimize the average content retrieval delay in an energy-constrained multi-UAV cooperative caching system. We then propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework based on the Multi-Agent Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MATD3) algorithm, in which each UAV is trained as an independent agent under a centralized-training and decentralized-execution scheme. Simulation results show that our method outperforms several heuristic and non-cooperative reinforcement learning baselines in terms of cache hit rate and energy efficiency. Specifically, the proposed method reduces the system's average content retrieval delay with a maximum reduction of 9.1% and effectively guarantees an average cache hit rate of 62.45%, maintaining a sustained remaining energy margin over baseline methodologies.
Tao Zhang, Tao Xu, Zekai Liu et al.· Journal of Circuits, Systems...· 0 citations
6G vehicular services, including cooperative perception, augmented reality navigation, and high-definition map updating, need computation support close to moving vehicles. Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) is a natural solution, but the offloading decision becomes difficult when wireless channel conditions, vehicle density, and edge server loads vary simultaneously. In this paper, we study joint task offloading and resource allocation in 6G VEC with high- and low-frequency cooperation (HL-FC). We formulate the problem as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP). Each vehicle decides its offloading ratio, transmission power, server association, and edge CPU request from local observations. To evaluate the proposed policy, we build a lightweight equation-driven Python simulator and compare MAPPO with Local-only, Edge-only, Random, and Greedy policies. Compared with Edge-only, MAPPO reduces the average system cost by 32.15%, 23.51%, and 17.13% under 10, 15, and 20 vehicles, respectively. It also improves the task completion rate by 21.00, 20.49, and 17.65 percentage points. Additional blockage experiments show that HL-FC keeps the policy more robust than high-frequency-only transmission under severe high-frequency blockage. The results reveal that MAPPO delivers better performance when edge resources become congested than in lightly loaded scenarios.
Zi-Heng Gu· 2026 8th International Confe...· 0 citations
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