Sep 2026· IEEE Latin America Transactions· Vol 24, pp. 893-904· 0 citations· 36 references
Abstract
The increasing use of electronic medical records (EMRs) has improved efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of patient data. However, conventional centralized architectures suffer from single points of failure and data privacy issues. To address these challenges, this study proposes a decentralized machine learning architecture that combines concepts from Federated Learning (FL) and Swarm Learning (SL) for anomaly detection in medical prescriptions. The proposed architecture leverages blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to enable secure model sharing and decentralized storage, thereby reducing communication complexity and establishing a transparent, decentralized parameter repository. Experimental evaluations were conducted using logistic regression (LR), a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), and a decision tree (DT) model. Compared with the FL baseline, the proposed system achieved superior efficiency, lower resource consumption, and improved latency, along with smaller block sizes. It, however, exhibited slightly lower transaction throughput and longer training rounds, reflecting the added complexity of decentralization. In predictive performance on the anomaly classification task, DT achieved the highest precision and recall under the evaluated dataset (F1-score=0.9912), followed by MLP (0.5504) and LR (0.2442). The decentralized training approach led to negligible performance loss relative to centralized models, less than 4% for LR and below 1% for both MLP and DT. Overall, the proposed system demonstrates a robust and efficient alternative for decentralized learning in healthcare applications, maintaining strong predictive performance while enhancing architectural transparency.
Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for distributed intelligence, enabling collaborative model training across multiple clients without transferring raw data to a central server. By preserving data locality, FL addresses fundamental limitations of conventional centralized machine learning, particularly with respect to privacy protection, security exposure, communication overhead, and the management of large-scale heterogeneous data. With the rapid expansion of FL into diverse application domains, ensuring the trustworthiness, scalability, and performance of federated systems has become increasingly important. This paper presents a review of federated learning through a structured taxonomy that covers its core architectural paradigms, major learning types, model training approaches, and aggregation mechanisms. Moreover, it analyzes the principal challenges confronting FL, including privacy and security risks, statistical and system heterogeneity, communication constraints, and global model divergence. In response to these issues, the review further discusses targeted solutions designed to address each challenge and improve the efficiency and reliability of federated frameworks. By combining taxonomy-driven analysis with challenge-oriented solution mapping, this study provides an insightful reference for advancing both the theoretical understanding and practical deployment of federated learning systems.
Mahdiyeh Velaei, Hosna Ghahramani, Ali Ghaffari et al.· Cluster Computing· 0 citations
Existing Federated intrusion detection system (IDS) solutions unfittingly deploy homogeneous models across all devices regardless of resource constraints, lack real-time detection capabilities due to synchronous federated rounds, and fail to balance the trade-off between lightweight edge processing and deep analytical accuracy. This paper addresses these through intelligent workload distribution between edge and cloud layers. The system uses a dual-detection mechanism where lightweight Decision Tree (DT) models on IoT devices provide immediate threat classification with confidence scoring. High-confidence predictions enable instant response to attacks without waiting for the server, while uncertain cases are sent to a CNN-LSTM model for deep analysis. In the federated learning component, edge devices share only model corrections from server feedback rather than continuous parameter updates. The central server aggregates these learning experiences to refine a global model and redistributes the updates back to edge devices. This selective knowledge sharing reduces communication overhead while enabling continuous improvement of local models and ensuring privacy. The performance of the system was evaluated using the IoT-23 dataset. Our approach achieved an accuracy of 98.08% on edge detection and 95.27% in the overall asynchronous setup. These results show a success in implementing a real time, scalable, privacy-preserving, and adaptive IDS in large-scale IoT deployments.
Chidera Winifred John, Eduediuyai Ekerete Dan, P. Asuquo et al.· E3S Web of Conferences· 0 citations
An Adaptive Action-Based Federated Learning (AA-FL) framework for decentralized intrusion detection in heterogeneous IoT environments is proposed, based on XGBoost boosters and uses quality-weighted server-side ensemble aggregation.
Abdulaziz A. Alsulami, Q. A. Al-Haija, Rayed A. Alakhtar et al.· Computers, Materials & C...· 0 citations
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications require collaborative learning across healthcare institutions while ensuring patient data privacy. Traditional centralized learning approaches require sharing sensitive medical records, increasing privacy and security risks. Federated Learning (FL) enables distributed model training by exchanging model parameters instead of raw data, but its performance is affected by client dropouts and communication failures. This paper proposes a Resilience-Enhanced Federated Learning Framework for IoMT applications that improves the reliability of collaborative learning under unstable network conditions. The framework incorporates Federated Averaging (FedAvg), resilient aggregation using historical model updates with staleness decay, and quantized model updates to reduce communication overhead. The proposed model was evaluated using a heart disease dataset distributed across multiple healthcare clients. Experimental results demonstrate that the framework achieves 95.72% accuracy while maintaining stable model convergence during client failures. The proposed approach provides a secure, privacypreserving, and fault-tolerant solution for distributed healthcare applications.
Potharam Shiva Kumar, O. Ramanaiah· International Journal of Inn...· 0 citations
FedE, a multi-precision, multi-source, heterogeneous privacy-preserving federated learning training method based on functional encryption that enhances numerical adaptation during ciphertext computation and prevents model parameter updates from easily compromising privacy in cross-institutional federated learning.
Weijia Liu, Junwen Deng, Hao Li et al.· Computers, Materials & C...· 0 citations
The rapid integration of Internet of Things (IoT) in the healthcare domain has led to the emergence of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), which introduces significant benefits in patient monitoring and real‐time medical services. However, IoMT networks are inherently vulnerable due to resource constraints, heterogeneous devices, and sensitivity of medical data. In this paper, we propose a novel federated learning‐based anomaly detection system (Fed‐ADS) designed specifically for IoMT networks. Our system leverages local training of lightweight ML models on resource‐constrained IoMT devices and employs secure model aggregation at the gateway to preserve privacy and avoid centralized data collection. To address real‐world challenges, we implement and evaluate our system on a real IoMT testbed using Raspberry Pi devices under various attack scenarios. Furthermore, we examine the impact of privacy‐preserving techniques such as differential privacy on detection accuracy and system overhead. The runtime evaluation shows that our approach achieves high detection accuracy (over 94%) with minimal CPU and memory usage (under 3%), making it suitable for practical deployment in medical environments.
Mahdi Ajdani, Maziar Asmani, Asif Ali Laghari· International Journal of Com...· 0 citations
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