Who&When Pro: Can LLMs Really Attribute Failures in AI Agents?
Jiale LiuHuajun XiShaokun ZhangYifan ZengTianwei YueChi WangJian KangQingyun WuHuazheng Wang
Oct 2026
Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
Automated failure attribution uses LLMs to identify where and why agentic systems fail. As agents become more capable, their failures become subtler, making automated attribution increasingly important. We introduce Who&When Pro, a large-scale benchmark for automated failure attribution in agentic systems. Using a strictly controlled pipeline that injects a failure only after exactly replaying a successful prefix, we construct 12,326 failed trajectories with golden labels across 3 modalities and 26 benchmarks covering various scenarios. Beyond benchmarking, we conduct extensive experiments and analyses, revealing systematic patterns in how models attribute failures across modalities, protocols, and model families, and providing empirical guidance for future automated failure attribution systems.
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