Towards Atomic-Level Manufacturing: Evolutions and Perspectives
Abstract
Atomic-level manufacturing (ALM) represents a critical evolution in manufacturing technology, extending the progression from macro- and meso-manufacturing to micro- and nano-manufacturing. As an advanced capability, it has the potential to transform materials science, serve as a foundational “root technology” for new industrialization, and is emerging as a key arena of global competition among manufacturing leaders. This review systematically explores the concept of ALM and its transformative impact on future industries. It first analyzes the essence and significance of ALM, emphasizing how precise and scalable control of atoms can revolutionize production by enabling atomic-precision manufacturing, atomic-scale structural fabrication, and ultimately the on-demand placement or creation of individual atoms. The review then discusses implementation effects and potential demand, highlighting broad application prospects in integrated circuits, quantum information, aerospace, and precision instrumentation. It also reviews technical systems and development status, focusing on the core elements that underpin ALM, including simulation and design software with supporting databases, atomic-level processing, atomic-level assembly, and atomic-level characterization, and summarizes representative domestic and international achievements and the major technical challenges across these areas. By examining contemporary products, the paper demonstrates practical ALM-enabled advances in fields such as novel materials and high-end sensors, illustrating its role in driving future industrial upgrading. In addition, it clarifies the distinctions and connections between ALM, integrated-circuit manufacturing, nano-manufacturing, and quantum technologies, thereby outlining ALM’s unique characteristics and development trajectory. Finally, the review traces the historical origins of ALM and assesses future breakthroughs, forecasting wide-ranging impacts on industry, the economy, and society.