Nephroprotective Potential of Tinospora cordifolia : Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant Protection Against Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, represents a major cause of end-stage renal (ESRD) disease and is caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Current therapeutic strategies offer title protection against DN, underscoring the need for more effective and targeted interventions. Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia), a medicinal plant used extensively for traditional purposes, possesses strong antioxidant and nephroprotective actions. In this study, the nephroprotective action of T. cordifolia has been assessed through phytochemical analysis and its protective ability against oxidative stress induced in DN. Analysis indicated the existence of several bioactive compounds, involve glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids, which have proven therapeutic significance. It was found that treatment with T. cordifolia significantly reduced oxidative stress indicators such as ROS levels and lipid peroxidation, increased the activity of antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, & glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, treatment was observed to have a beneficial effect on renal function parameters and helped reduce histopathological changes such as glomerular hypertrophy and tubular damage. On a mechanistic level, the renoprotective properties of T. cordifolia can be attributed to a balance in oxidative stress and inflammation signaling, resulting in a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and fibrosis. From these results, it can be concluded that T. cordifolia is a promising candidate in protecting against kidney damage caused by diabetes.