A Health-Aware Adaptive Energy Management Strategy based on ECMS for Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Vehicles

Abstract

This paper presents a health-aware adaptive equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (HA-A-ECMS) for asymmetric fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHEVs). To reduce internal membrane degradation, the algorithm incorporates a quadratic penalty term into the cost function in order to actively limit high-frequency power transients in the fuel cell. Meanwhile, a proportional feedback controller dynamically adjusts the equivalence factor in order to strictly regulate the battery's state of charge (SOC) around its optimal reference value. Validated by numerical simulations, this strategy proves highly effective , despite significant dynamic power demands imposing maximum ramp rates of 48.88 kW/s and 42.62 kW/s under the NEDC and UDDS cycles respectively, the HA-A-ECMS strategy manages to limit the fuel cell's power variation to safe levels of 9.09 kW/s and 8.98 kW/s. In addition, the algorithm achieves optimal hydrogen economy (71.66 g for the NEDC, 74.26 g for the UDDS) while ensuring robust charge maintenance operation with marginal SOC deviations of 0.47% and 6.49%. This study confirms that the proposed HA-A-ECMS system effectively protects the PEMFC fuel cell against damaging load transients, thereby mitigating the dynamic conditions known to accelerate degradation without compromising the system's energy efficiency or stability.