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Open access 2026

Comprehensive Investigation of Blockchain-Based Access Control on the Internet of Things

Blockchain technology offers a potential solution for enhancing access control mechanisms in Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Conventional access control solutions face difficulties in terms of scalability, security, and interoperability, especially when dealing with the extensive and varied nature of IoT networks. The decentralised, irreversible, and transparent ledger system of blockchain provides a robust framework for tackling these challenges. This paper examines the incorporation of blockchain technology into IoT systems for the purpose of access control, with a specific emphasis on recent advancements and methodologies. We examined the benefits, which encompass enhanced security, reduced vulnerability to system failures, and improved openness. In addition, we analysed challenges such as scalability, processing overhead, and privacy concerns. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the current status of blockchain-based access control on the Internet of Things (IoT). Its purpose is to provide researchers with a thorough understanding of the topic, including various approaches, models, standards, platforms, and potential applications for implementing blockchain-based access control in IoT. Out of the total of 207 papers, a subset of 72 were chosen for additional study, by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected papers were evaluated and summarized to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the study examined the suitability and occurrences of using blockchain technology for access control in IoT devices. In the end, the discussion included challenges, potential areas for research, and an explanation of how blockchain technology can be used for access management on the IoT.

Joshua Iranwose Ugbesia, Fortune Ordiah · 0 citations
Open access Jul 2026

EPoLBFT: A Blockchain Consensus Algorithm for Enhancing Privacy, Invulnerability and Trust in IoT System

Elastic Proof-of-Location Byzantine Fault Tolerance is proposed, a privacy-preserving and location-aware blockchain consensus framework for IoT systems that reduces communication overhead and improves consensus efficiency compared with conventional PBFT-based approaches while strengthening resilience against location-based and identity-based attacks.

Yunus Kareem, D. Djenouri, Essam Ghadafi · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

A blockchain-based scalable authentication framework for secure data sharing in internet of vehicles

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enables vehicles to exchange real-time information using wireless communication and onboard sensors; however, ensuring secure and efficient authentication for large-scale data sharing remains a significant challenge. Current authentication approaches often experience high processing costs, increased memory consumption, and insufficient detection accuracy, making them unsuitable for deployment in large-scale IoV environments. To address these issues, a blockchain-based efficient authentication approach is devised for data sharing amongst the vehicles. The entities included in the proposed system are Road Side Units (RSU), issuers, Vehicles, Traffic Management Authority (TMA), Law enforcement department (LED), and tracers. The steps followed by the proposed model include initialization, key generation, registration, message generation, encryption with data sharing and authentication. TMA initializes the auxiliary and parent blockchain in each region. In key generation, the public and private keys are generated for authentication. Next, the vehicle is registered with the TMA in the registration phase. Then, the message is recorded with blockchain. Once the message is recoded, the encryption and data sharing phase is executed for secure sharing. After that, the authentication is carried out to select a genuine vehicle for data sharing. Performance evaluation is conducted using computation time, detection rate, memory usage, communication overhead, and blockchain transaction latency. For 50 devices, the proposed approach achieves a computation time of 0.065 s. The detection rate reaches 91.455%, showing an improvement of 4.37–10.50%, while memory usage is reduced to 3.792 MB, achieving a reduction of 4.5–15.7%. It also achieves the minimum communication overhead of 2.383 KB, obtaining a reduction of 5.47–45.30%. Similarly, the lowest blockchain transaction latency of 19.655 ms is achieved, corresponding to a reduction of 16.60–43.44%. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework consistently outperforms existing methods in terms of efficiency and scalability for practical IoV applications.

S. Velliangiri, P. Karthikeyan, J. Premalatha · 0 citations
Open access Sep 2026

Blockchain-Enabled Trust Management for Communication-Efficient IoT Offloading in Smart Cities

The increasing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart cities creates several challenges of trust management, resource allocation, and secure offloading. This paper introduces BTM-IoT, a blockchain-based trust management solution to improve the multi-access IoT offloading networks in urban areas. The proposed framework employs a hybrid consensus system that combines Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) with Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) to make offloading decisions efficiently and securely while keeping the latency and throughput low. A trust-aware offloading optimization model is proposed, which combines the direct and indirect trust evaluation to increase the accuracy of the decisions and attack resistance. Our extensive experiments show that the average reduction in energy consumption of BTM-IoT is 31% over the baseline models, whereas the average reduction in task completion time comes to 27%, and the average improvement in attack detection accuracy is 43%. Further, scalability tests show that it takes only 26% longer to complete when scaling up from 50 to 500 devices, a significant improvement over traditional method. It also provides optimal use of resources, such as CPU, memory, and bandwidth, while delivering an average of 20% improvement in efficiency. Even when analyzed from the overhead of the blockchain, it is light on the IOT device, requiring 0.5 MB of storage and 2% CPU usage. The study results confirm the energy efficiency, scalability and security of BTM-IoT as a solution for multi-access IoT offloading in smart city infrastructures.

Bader Alhasson · 0 citations
Conference Jul 2026

A Hybrid Blockchain-Based Zero-Trust Architecture for Secure and Scalable IoT Systems

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has introduced significant security challenges, mainly due to the resource constraints of devices and the limitations of centralized architectures. This paper proposes a blockchain-based Zero-Trust framework for secure and scalable IoT systems. The approach is architecture-agnostic and combines decentralized identity management, hybrid data storage, and edge-assisted computation. To optimize resource usage, raw data are stored off-chain while cryptographic hashes are anchored on the blockchain, ensuring integrity and immutability. A Merkle tree structure is employed to aggregate data efficiently, reducing communication overhead and blockchain transaction costs. Experimental results demonstrate that lightweight cryptographic mechanisms, combined with Merkle-based aggregation, provide strong security guarantees with low energy consumption. The proposed framework achieves improved scalability, robustness, and efficiency, making it suitable for resource-constrained IoT environments.

Florian Bonelli, Alexandre dos Santos Roque, E. P. de Freitas · 0 citations

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