The results of statistical validation using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test confirm that both the reduction in energy consumption and network longevity offered by ECHVM are highly significant, justifying ECHVM as a mathematically sound, permanent, scalable security framework suitable for resource-constrained, dense Internet of Things (IoT) and smart sensing applications for next-generation communication systems.
Abstract
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which are deployed in harsh environments, are extremely susceptible to localized battery exhaustion as well as intelligent inside routing threats, especially sinkhole and data falsification attacks. In this paper, we present ECHVM (Enhanced Cluster Head selection by Voting and an ECC-based Blockchain Mechanism), a novel, secure, and energy-efficient routing framework to achieve an optimal trade-off between network security and hardware resource efficiency. We present the ECHVM protocol that combines Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with a lightweight, local distributed ledger to mitigate risks of centralized authority by transferring the verification of crucial network events from a single, highly vulnerable centralized alert sink node to a decentralized, voting-based consensus among neighboring nodes. In this study, a weighted voting algorithm based on node and distance proximity metrics is applied to cluster head selection, where a 51% neighbor consensus rule is leveraged to validate local ledger transactions against malicious acts. Moreover, a local energy density and topological communication geometry-oriented energy-efficient cluster head (CH) selection algorithm is crafted to ensure balanced CH distribution in the high-density areas of the network structure so as to avoid the premature energy hole problem. Using the standard first-order radio energy model, quantitative simulations performed in MATLAB show that ECHVM achieves a malicious node detection rate of 98.2% and extends the network lifetime by 30% compared to state-of-the-art protocols (e.g., ELSO and SEC-HDT) because of proactive topology defense and rapid node sleeping. The results of statistical validation using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test confirm that both the reduction in energy consumption and network longevity offered by ECHVM are highly significant (
p
= 0.019), justifying ECHVM as a mathematically sound, permanent, scalable security framework suitable for resource-constrained, dense Internet of Things (IoT) and smart sensing applications for next-generation communication systems.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are significant for various applications, however ensuring data security and energy consumption remains a critical challenge. The conventional methods lacked sufficient security, exhibited communication overhead, and energy inefficiencies. Therefore, this research proposes the Distributed Fractional Hawk Optimization (DtFHO) algorithm to address the limitations in cluster head selection for secure WSN routing. The integration of fractional theory improves the convergence speed and exploitation balance in cluster head selection. To secure the data routing, a blockchain network is employed, which maintains a transparent record of routing paths while preventing malicious node entries. Furthermore, the modified End-to-End Homomorphic encryption enables secure data sharing without decrypting sensitive information at intermediate nodes. Through considering the multimetric factors, the DtFHO algorithm offers a secure routing path, making it highly effective for large-scale and sensitive network scenarios. The DtFHO showcases a robust performance by achieving a minimum transaction time of 2.013 seconds, memory usage of 347.95 Kilobytes, Gas usage of 345.84 Kilobytes, encryption time of 2.012 seconds, and a maximum throughput ratio of 0.748, normalized energy of 0.766 Joules, with 153 alive nodes compared to the conventional methods.
Manish Agarwal, Aasheesh Shukla, V. Deolia· 2026 4th International Confe...· 0 citations
Simulation results suggest that the proposed EGWO-CS-based approach offers significant improvements in packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency, trust precision, and network lifetime compared to conventional GWO, GWO-CS, and other standard schemes.
Cailing Cheng, Hui Zhang, Li Fei et al.· Computing· 0 citations
The high mobility and decentralized nature of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) present significant security challenges. Specifically, detecting attacks and establishing secure, reliable routing protocols are major critical concerns in the vehicular environment. These attacks can significantly degrade network performance and hinder communication between vehicles. Insider attacks, such as Blackhole attacks, have the potential to severely disrupt VANET systems. This study introduces a novel trust management scheme that incorporates cryptographic techniques to address the important issues of secure routing in VANETs, which also helps in the detection of attacks. In this work, nodes' trust scores are evaluated, and the forwarding node for packet dissemination is chosen based on these scores. Furthermore, an elliptic curve cryptographic (ECC) signcryption technique is added for providing security to the network by authenticating the nodes, which mitigates the misbehaving nodes from the network. The simulation and comparative analysis show the efficacy of the proposed scheme. The proposed approach attained a packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 92.8%, indicating high reliability in data dissemination. Furthermore, the achieved results of throughput and End‐to‐End (E2E) delay are 232.32 KBps and 0.02 s, respectively. The obtained outcomes show enhancements of 94.182%, 49.67%, and 6% in PDR, throughput, and E2E delay, respectively, with respect to the existing techniques.
Nidhi Jaswani, Mou Dasgupta, Sangram Ray et al.· Security and Privacy· 0 citations
MANETs for the Internet of Things (IoT) are evolving to the next level of robust connectivity. However, the MANET-IoT ecosystem faces three main challenges during routing: energy efficiency, security, and reliability. By using various frameworks and technologies to provide an end-to-end solution, Bayesian Directed Acyclic Graph based Mobile Adhoc Networks (BDAG-MANET) and Holochain Mobile Adhoc Networks (Holochain-MANET) address those problems with MANET data transfer. BDAG-MANET uses the Cube Hash and Bimodal Lattice Signature Scheme (BLISS) algorithms, respectively, to perform multifactor authentication to the mobile nodes depending on the security credentials. NS-3.26 simulation tool is used to implement PSO (particle swarm optimization) based on Trusted Adhoc on Demand Vector Routing (TAODV) to ensure security. The numerous properties of the mobile nodes in the Holo chain-MANET environment must be used to verify their validity to the trusted authority, utilizing the Improved Bimodal Lattice Signature Scheme (IBLISS) algorithm. The proposed work uses the Improved Fuzzy C-Means (IFCM) algorithm to perform intelligent clustering on authorized mobile nodes based on many factors.
Preethi D, S. Aswath, Bhuvaneshwari V et al.· 2026 International Conferenc...· 0 citations
Clustering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offers numerous desirable properties, including load balancing, energy conservation, and distributed key management. Secure Clustering requires it to detect compromised nodes and remove them from clusters during setup. Suppose some nodes are attacked and pass the filtering. In that case, they can modify some nodes to adopt a different clustering perspective, as well as initiate new clusters to degrade the overall cluster quality. To address these issues, a new method, Secretary Bird with Self-Organizing Maps (SBWSOM), has been designed to detect and eliminate malicious nodes while efficiently providing data. First, the appropriate sensor nodes were constructed in Python. Second, the malicious node was located and destroyed, and the Cluster Head (CH) was picked based on parameters such as remaining energy, network level, and base station (BS) location. Furthermore, the data rates of chosen CHs have been confirmed and sent to empty nodes. Lastly, the values compared and studied were Latency, throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, and transmission loss. The evaluation of this proposal demonstrated improved data transfer, with a throughput of 0.91, an energy consumption of 0.46 mJ, and a packet delivery ratio of 96.3%. Also, the transmit loss was 4.20%, and Latency was 6.04 ms. Overall, this method performed well, with significant improvement over previous models.
S. R, P. N, Nikhath Tabassum· International Journal of Inf...· 0 citations
Simulation analyses conducted in NS-3 demonstrate that the proposed integrated, multi-tier optimization framework achieves superior performance in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy conservation, end-to-end latency, and resilience against malicious routing attacks compared to existing baseline protocols.
Jitendra Kumar, Debasis Mandal· International journal of res...· 0 citations
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