Development and validation of an education for sustainable development integrated STEM module

Abstract

Education for sustainable development (ESD) faces significant implementation challenges in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classrooms, including limited hands-on learning tools, disconnected curricula, and insufficient teacher training in sustainability integration. This study addresses these gaps by developing and evaluating the ESD I-STEM module, a novel approach that integrates ESD, STEM, and digital learning tools to teach biodiversity. Designed using the ASSURE instructional model and adopting a mixed-methods design, the module incorporates digital comics, interactive games, digital posters, and problem-based learning (PBL) to enhance student engagement, digital literacy, and sustainability awareness. Expert validation by eight specialists confirmed the module’s excellent content validity (95%), significantly exceeding standard benchmarks. Reliability analysis of student responses showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.820). Practical implementation revealed high usability, with mean evaluation scores ranging from 4.43 to 4.93 on a 5-point Likert scale. The ESD I-STEM module effectively addresses key gaps in sustainability education through a well-validated and classroom-ready framework for ESD-STEM integration. Results demonstrate its effectiveness as a rigorously tested and usable educational resource that promotes meaningful engagement with sustainability concepts while supporting STEM learning objectives. This study offers educators a proven model for delivering integrated ESD-STEM instruction that prepares students to address real world environmental challenges.