Implementasi Komunitas Belajar dalam Sekolah di SMK Swasta DKI Jakarta: Analisis Tiga Lapis Faktor dengan Kerangka Van Meter dan Van Horn

Abstract

This study examines the factors causing implementation problems of the school-based learning community policy in private vocational high schools (SMK) in DKI Jakarta and formulates strategies to address them. The 2023 survey from the Center for Educational Standards and Policy identifies SMK as the level with the greatest challenge in DKI Jakarta, with 35.7% of schools yet to establish learning communities and 35.3% of teachers not actively participating. The study employs a qualitative approach through comparative case studies at SMKS Kharismawita 2, categorized as ineffective or not yet implementing learning communities according to the guideline, and SMK Al Falah, categorized as effective or already implementing learning communities according to the guideline. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with eight informants across levels from the Ministry of Education, BPMP DKI Jakarta, the Provincial Education Office, and the two case schools, supplemented by direct observation and document review. The analysis applies Van Meter and Van Horn's (1975) framework with six implementation variables. The findings show that the implementation problems result from a combination of three factor layers. The first layer concerns systemic failure production from policy standards and inter-organizational communication. The second layer concerns systemic deficit reinforcement from resources and socio-economic-political conditions. The third layer concerns the interaction of implementing agency characteristics and implementor disposition that functions as a mediator determining local compensation for the failures of the first and second layers. The distinguishing factor is not the structural conditions of the first two layers, but the principal's leadership capacity with internal accountability mechanisms at the third layer. The study recommends a model of implementation strategy designed for four levels of actors: the Ministry and its technical units, the Provincial Education Office of DKI Jakarta, schools, and the school-organizing foundations.