Facilitating Reflection Using AI-Generated Visual Representations of Metaphors

Abstract

Reflection plays a crucial role in self-directed learning (SDL), enabling learners to connect past experiences, understand present actions, and set future goals. Metaphors can support this reflective process by offering a way to conceptualize learning that may be difficult to express directly, particularly when affective dimensions are involved. As generative AI has become prevalent in educational settings, its application has been increasingly explored. However, research on AI use for supporting learners’ reflective processes in SDL remains limited. This study therefore investigated students’ experiences with a metaphor-based reflection activity that incorporates an AI text-to-image generator. Participants were 24 Japanese university students who engaged in SDL through Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). They created metaphors representing their SDL experiences and used OpenArt, a free online artificial intelligence (AI) text-to-image model, to generate visual representations. Data were collected through open-ended questionnaire items and analyzed using frequency counts and thematic analysis. Findings showed that AI-generated visual metaphors may provide an additional resource for reflective practice, while highlighting the need for scaffolding in metaphor creation, prompt writing, and critical evaluation of AI-generated representations. The study offers implications for educators exploring GenAI as a resource for promoting reflection.