Towards Quantum Machine Learning for Assessing the Resilience of Post-quantum Cryptography

The Morphological Side of

Beyond encryption: post-quantum cryptography and the future of quantum-safe networks

The rapid advancement of quantum computing presents an existential threat to the mathematical foundations of modern internet security. Fault-tolerant quantum computers are projected to reach the logical qubit scale necessary to execute Shor's algorithm by 2030–2035, threatening currently deployed public-key cryptography infrastructures. We evaluate the performance metrics of integrating post-quantum cryptography (PQC), specifically the newly finalized NIST standards (FIPS 203, 204, and 205), with quantum key distribution (QKD) across communication networks. Our analysis demonstrates that while hybrid PQC-QKD models reduce long-term key compromise probabilities to near 0%, they introduce a 15% to 40% increase in bandwidth overhead during initial cryptographic handshakes. Given that enterprise-wide cryptographic migrations historically require 7–10 years, organizations face an immediate vulnerability window against “harvest now, decrypt later” adversaries. Ultimately, we propose a phased, cryptographically agile framework to achieve a Zero-Trust, Quantum-Safe network architecture within a 5-year implementation timeline.

Implementation and Evaluation of Quantum-Vulnerable and Quantum-Safe Cryptographic Algorithms

The growing threat of quantum computing to classical cryptographic systems such as RSA and ECC has led to an urgent need for post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) research and implementation. The base paper, “Quantum Computing in Cryptography”, identified a major research gap - the lack of practical implementation of post-quantum algorithms, emphasizing that most existing works remain at a theoretical level. Addressing this gap, we develop and execute a practical benchmarking framework that compares classical RSA and simulated post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. The implementation integrates automatic setup, execution, and visualization of key generation, encryption, and decryption operations for both classical and PQC schemes. Experimental results demonstrate that while RSA achieves faster computational performance, it becomes vulnerable to quantum computational attacks. Conversely, post-quantum algorithms, though more computationally demanding, exhibit strong resistance against such attacks. The performance analysis highlights the trade-off between speed and quantum resilience, confirming the practical viability of PQC for future-proof cryptographic systems. This work effectively bridges the theoretical–practical divide noted in the base paper by providing a concrete, implementable model for evaluating post-quantum cryptography under realistic computational conditions.

A Comprehensive Review of Post-Quantum Cryptography and Its Implementation Challenges

Hybrid quantum–classical AI models for secure communications: a systematic review

This systematic review critically examines hybrid models of quantum and classical artificial intelligence, focusing on architectures for quantum key distribution, intrusion detection, network management, and the integration of post-quantum cryptography, concluding that current evidence supports application-specific feasibility rather than universal quantum advantage.

Research and Development of Post-Quantum Digital Signature

: The security of traditional public key cryptosystems like RSA and ECDSA is at risk due to the rapid development of quantum computing technology. Therefore, developing new cryptographic algorithms with the ability to resist quantum attacks has become a common goal for both academia and industry. This paper systematically outlines the current major Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) technology routes, including digital signature schemes based on lattice theory, coding theory, equations of multiple variables and hash functions, and elaborately analyzes the core principles and implementation paths of these technologies. In addition, this paper looks forward to the development trends of post-quantum cryptography from multiple dimensions, such as technological evolution, standard setting and industrial practice, and emphasizes the importance of early deployment of quantum-resistant cryptography systems. Although there are still many technical bottlenecks in the practical application of quantum computers, to ensure future network security, it is necessary to accelerate the strategic upgrade of the post-quantum cryptography system, build a multi-level security defense line through the collaborative deployment of PQC technology and existing classical cryptography systems, and provide forward-looking security guarantees for critical infrastructure in the digital age.