Cervical cancer prevention in Riyadh: a cross-sectional analysis of sociodemographic correlates, knowledge-awareness-practice gaps, and healthcare provider influence

Abstract

Background and purpose Cervical cancer prevention continues to pose a significant public health challenge in Saudi Arabia. This research aimed to evaluate women’s knowledge, awareness, and behaviors related to cervical cancer screening and Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Riyadh, and to identify key factors influencing participation and the obstacles faced. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among a diverse sample of women recruited through online platforms, institutional networks, and community-based groups. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic details, knowledge, awareness, practices, and barriers. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, gap analysis, and multivariable regression using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v28.0. Results Awareness of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear was high at 77.8%, but actual screening participation was low at 26.7%. HPV vaccine awareness was 42.0%, yet only 9.3% had received the vaccine. Knowledge levels varied: 82.0% understood the purpose of the Pap smear, but just 20.4% knew the recommended screening intervals. The main barriers included a lack of understanding (43.4%) and limited awareness of testing locations (17.1%). Regression analysis showed that awareness of the HPV vaccine significantly predicted knowledge (β = 1.903, p < 0.001), and that advice from physicians doubled vaccination rates compared with other sources. Conclusions A notable gap exists between awareness and practice, mainly due to knowledge deficits rather than access issues. Future efforts should focus on provider-led, behavior-oriented education to convert awareness into action and lessen the cervical cancer burden.