Oral Cancer Awareness and Knowledge among population in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Questionnaire-Based Study
Abstract
Background: Oral cancer (OC) is a major global health concern, with squamous cell carcinoma accounting for more than 90% of cases. Major risk factors include tobacco and alcohol consumption, while other factors such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and prolonged sun exposure may also contribute. This study aimed to assess oral cancer awareness among the general population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 474 participants. A structured questionnaire collected demographic information and assessed awareness using 14 knowledge-based items covering risk factors, warning signs, disease progression and early detection, and prevention. Awareness was categorized as low (0–6), moderate (7–10), or high (11–14). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Chi-square and independent-samples t-tests were used, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Ministry of Health in the Tabuk Region (TU-077/026/400). Results: Overall oral cancer awareness was generally high, with nearly three-quarters of participants classified as having high awareness. Knowledge was particularly strong regarding tobacco-related risks, early detection, and preventive measures. However, lower awareness was observed for alcohol consumption (72.9%), HPV infection (53.5%), and prolonged sun exposure as a risk factor for lip cancer (42.9%). Knowledge gaps were also identified regarding red or white oral lesions. Previous familiarity with oral cancer was significantly associated with greater knowledge, whereas age and gender were not significantly associated with overall awareness. Conclusion: Participants demonstrated generally high oral cancer awareness. Continued community education should emphasize less-recognized risk factors, warning signs, prevention, and the importance of early detection.