A Typology of Interactive Map Services: Interface Complexity and Value Co-Creation in Digital Mapping Platforms
Abstract
Interactive map services have evolved from static representations into sociotechnical systems integrating data, interfaces, users, platforms, sensors, and algorithmic processes. However, existing classifications often emphasize technical functionality without explaining how interface design shapes user participation and value co-creation. This study develops a user-centered typology based on two dimensions: interface complexity and value co-creation. Using directed qualitative content analysis, we examine 60 map services from an initial pool of 108 cases. The analysis combines deductive categories from human–computer interaction, participatory mapping, digital platforms, and service-dominant logic with inductive themes. This produces a 3 × 3 typology of nine configurations, from Data–Data to Service–Knowledge, grouped into four higher-order profiles: Data-Focused, Platform-Based, Knowledge-Oriented, and Service-Oriented. An independently coded subsample of 11 cases yielded a sample-wise Cohen’s kappa of κ = 0.735, indicating substantial agreement. However, agreement varied across codes, with weak or negative agreement for interpretive categories such as AI/ML tools and customization/personalization. The findings support the typology as an exploratory framework while highlighting the need for more precise operational definitions of algorithmic and adaptive features. The study shows that map services differ not only in technological mediation but also in how they configure user agency, interpretation, contribution, and shared knowledge production. Technological complexity does not automatically produce greater co-creation: highly automated services may involve mainly indirect participation, whereas relatively simple interfaces may support meaningful community knowledge. The typology provides a framework for analyzing and designing interactive map services as participatory, platform-mediated, and context-sensitive systems.
