Aug 2026· Journal of Pharma and Biomedics· 0 citations· 21 references
Abstract
Limited genetic variability remains a major constraint to genetic improvement in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) restricting both its productivity and cultivation in Pakistan. As a drought adapted legume with significant value as fodder, green manure, and a soil-enhancing nitrogen fixer, guar holds considerable untapped potential for sustainable agriculture. Enhancing its genetic base is therefore essential for developing high-yielding, nutritionally superior varieties suited to arid and semi-arid environments. To address this need, a field experiment was conducted in October 2022 at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications to assess genetic variability and trait associations among 24 guar genotypes. Five plants per genotype were evaluated for agronomic traits (plant height, branches, tillers, leaves, leaf area, clusters plant⁻¹, pods cluster⁻¹, pods plant⁻¹, fresh and dry biomass) and forage quality attributes (crude protein, crude fiber, ash, moisture, NDF, and ADF), with quality traits quantified via Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). Significant phenotypic variability was recorded among genotypes. Plant height ranged from 78–141.2 cm, branches 2.16–10.06, leaves 44.87–330.33, fresh biomass 200–700 g, dry biomass 70–244 g, and crude protein 15.16–23.37%. Plant height showed strong positive correlations with fresh biomass, leaf area, and crude protein, whereas branches and clusters exhibited negative associations. Tillers were positively correlated with several yield components but not with leaf area or protein. Crude protein was positively associated with NDF, ash, and crude fiber. Superior genotypes identified included Guar-401 (plant height), Guar-303 and Guar-701 (number of branches), Guar-102 and Guar-701 (number of leaves), and Guar-103 and Guar-803 (protein). These high performing genotypes provide valuable genetic resources for developing improved guar cultivars with enhanced fodder yield and nutritional quality.
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.)) is a climate resilient crop, with an elevated nutritional profile; cultivated mainly in semi-arid and arid regions of Africa and Asia. Despite its importance as a climate smart and nutrient dense crop, its production has not reached full potential partly due to limited availability of improved varieties. The objective of this study was to assess yield and related traits genetic variability, heritability and number of genes in finger millet (FM). The field study comprising of ten FM genotypes, was carried out during the 2023-2024 summer cropping season at Lupane State University Farm in the Northwestern Zimbabwe. There were significant (P<0.05) genetic variations among the genotypes for all traits studied. Several grain yield traits (grain yield per plant, number of productive tillers, ear head weight, and thousand grain weight) showed high broad sense heritability (estimated at 0.97, 0.90, 0.88 and 0.86, respectively). Moreover, the narrow difference between trait phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, suggests a predominance of additive gene action. High genetic advance, as a percentage of mean for these traits, suggests that direct selection would be effective for achieving early genetic gains. A combination of high broad sense heritability with high genetic advance as a percentage, coupled with preponderance of additive gene action, suggests that these traits can respond to selection within this population. Grain yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated with ear head weight (r = 0.72), number of productive tillers (r = 0.70) and thousand grain weight (r = 0.66); but showed a negative correlation with plant height (r = -0.62). Path analysis further revealed that these traits exert a positive direct effect on grain yield, suggesting that selecting these specific traits would be effective in increasing yield. This study noted that despite the intricate inheritance of some quantitative traits, strategic selection can still lead to significant genetic improvement.
O. Mapako, M. Maphosa· African Crop Science Journal· 0 citations
Among pulses, the mothbean is an important pulse crop of hot arid regions of India and adapts to extreme ecological niches,particularly extreme drought and hot climatic conditions. Being a pulse crop, it is a cheap source of vegetable protein for balancingthe nutritional deficiency, most commonly cultivated on less productive soils, on which, financially less equipped, a great portion ofpeople have been depending on their livelihood. A field experiment was conducted with 36 genotypes evaluated in a randomizedblock design, three replications during kharif 2020 at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, to study thecorrelation and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and its component traits. Each genotype was sown in double rows of 3-meterlength and plant-to-plant distance at 12-15 cm. For each of the 26 traits studied, genotypes differed significantly. Seed yield per plantwas positively correlated with agro-morphological characters such as number of pods per plant and harvest index, as well asphysiological and seed characteristics such as chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, bulkdensity, and particle/true density. Days to maturity, pod length, biological yield per plant, harvest index, bulk density, particle density,seedling vigour index at 40°C, and seedling dry weight at 40°C had a positive direct effect on seed yield in mothbean. This suggests astrong hereditary link between seed yield and these traits, indicating that selection for these features may improve mothbean yield.
Savita Meena, N. Sharma, Pinky Yadav et al.· Indian Journal of Plant Gene...· 0 citations
Rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) is a critical staple crop, necessitating continuous genetic improvement to enhance yield and quality traits to meet global food demands. This study aims to identify high‐yielding genotypes with desirable quality traits and elucidate the relationships among traits to inform breeding strategies. Twenty‐seven rice genotypes were evaluated for genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, and trait associations. Nine agronomic traits were measured: grain yield, days to maturity, plant height, productive tiller number, 1000‐grain weight, grain length, grain width, grain shape, and awn length during the 2021–2023 cropping seasons. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (
p
< 0.01) among genotypes for all traits, demonstrating pronounced phenotypic variations that suggest a diverse genetic background among the studied genotypes. Grain yield ranged from 4.38 t ha
−
1
(Gerdeh) to 7.73 t ha
−
1
(Shiroudi), with a mean of 6.052 t ha
−
1
. Broad‐sense heritability (
H
2
) was high (0.926–1.0) for all traits. Traits with both high heritability and high genetic advance as percentage of mean (GA% > 20%)—namely, grain shape, productive tiller number, grain yield, grain width, and grain length—are likely to respond effectively to direct phenotypic selection. Correlation analysis showed significant positive associations between grain yield and days to maturity (
r
= 0.532,
p
< 0.01), 1000‐grain weight (
r
= 0.266,
p
< 0.05), grain length (
r
= 0.269,
p
< 0.05), and grain shape (
r
= 0.269,
p
< 0.05), but a negative correlation with awn length (
r
= −0.406,
p
< 0.01). Path analysis identified days to maturity (direct effect = 0.341,
p
< 0.001) and grain shape (0.241) as key yield contributors. Hierarchical clustering grouped genotypes into four clusters, with Cluster 4 (including Shiroudi, Keshvari, and Neda) containing high‐yielding genotypes. These results provide clear guidance for designing efficient breeding programs through targeted selection of superior genotypes and trait‐based strategies. Shiroudi and Cluster 4 genotypes are promising candidates for breeding high‐yielding, quality rice varieties.
Purpose: Around the globe, wheat is a significant cereal crop, used for food, feed, and raw materials. The study’s main objective was to examine the diversity and variability of yield and its attributing traits among sixty (60) locally cultivated wheat genotypes of Bangladesh based on genetic analyses to formulate appropriate breeding strategies for further improvements.Research Method: A total of sixty wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to assess ten yield and yield-related parameters. Statistical analysis was conducted using R-studio software to gauge the genetic variance among these sixty wheat genotypes.Findings and Values: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed a high degree of genetic variation. The study indicated that grain production per plant exhibited the highest Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV%) and Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV%), along with significant genetic advance and strong heritability. This suggests that selecting for this trait would be an efficient breeding strategy. Additionally, the number of tillers per plant, grains per spike, grains per plant, and grain yield per plant showed significant positive correlations. Shatabdi, SA-8, and PV-79 genotypes were associated with the highest yields. The work selects promising genotypes with a wide genetic diversity for yield and attributing traits, which can be used for further varietal improvement in Bangladesh.
I. Jahan, S. Muntaha, G. Sagor· Journal of Agricultural Scie...· 0 citations
This study assessed genetic variability, agronomic performance, and breeding potential of 51 sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes from the genebank of the Agricultural Research Corporation and three farmer-preferred varieties under irrigated conditions at the Kassala and Gash Station (Kalahoot Scheme) Farm during the 2023 and 2024 summer seasons. Analysis of variance, estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variance, coefficients of variation, broad-sense heritability, and expected genetic advance were used to characterise genetic variability and selection potential. Combined-season plant height ranged from 69 to 153 cm, number of capsules per plant from 26 to 88, and seed yield from 125 to 853 kg ha⁻¹. H44 produced the highest combined seed yield, while H22 and H29 exhibited superior capsule production. High GCV, moderate-to-high heritability, and substantial genetic advance were observed for plant height, branching, capsule number, and seed yield, indicating considerable exploitable genetic variation and potential for selection. Significant genotype × season interactions for several traits, particularly seed yield, demonstrated differential responses to seasonal conditions, whereas 1000-seed weight was comparatively stable. H44, H57, H69, H32, H81, H36, H22, and H29 were identified as promising breeding materials based on agronomic performance and genetic potential. These genotypes provide valuable parental resources for future sesame improvement in Sudan, particularly for developing high-yielding cultivars adapted to variable irrigated environments. Multi-location and multi-year testing, followed by targeted selection for yield stability, adaptation, and synchronised maturity, is recommended to accelerate their utilisation in Sudanese breeding programmes.
Elawad Mohammad Sedig, M. M. Beshir, A. E. Idris et al.· Journal of Agriculture and E...· 0 citations
It is crucial to know the heritable portion of variation as it provides variability component measure for the transmission of characters to the next generation. This study was aimed at the estimation of genotypic variability for agronomic traits in chemically mutagenized groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) genotypes. Although groundnut ranks second among oil seed crops in the world after sun flower and also an excellent source of protein, carbohydrates minerals and antioxidant, the production in Nigeria is constrained by multiple factors including low genetic variability which impact the development of high-yielding varieties. Pot trials were carried out during 2025 and 2026 dry seasons under screen house at the teaching and research field, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Bayero University, Kano. The seeds of the two improved groundnut genotype varieties (Samnut-24, Samnut-25) were collected from Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (KNARDA) and the two local varieties (’Yar-Gingo and ’Yar-Fara) were collected from Dawanau Market, Dawakin Tofa Local Government Kano State. The experimental design used was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and the seeds of each variety were sorted out and surface sterilized in 2.0% Sodium hypochloride for 1minute and then rinsed. The seeds were soaked in different concentrations of Hydroxyalamine Hydrochloride (0.00mM, 1.0mM, 2.0mM, 3.0mM and 4.0mM) or Sodium Azide (0.00mM, 1.0mM, 2.0mM 3.0mM and 4.0mM) for three (3) hours. The results revealed significant variation among the genotypes. Genotypic (GCV %) coefficient of variation was observed lower than the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV %) for all the observed traits in this study, indicating that the environment significantly affect the expression of the traits. In Samnut-24 genotype, high genetic advance (GA) along with high heritability (H2) were observed in 100 Pod Weight and Biological Yield. Similarly, 100 Pod Weight of Samnut-25 genotype scored highest genetic advance (GA) of (32.95) and heritability (H2) of (61.92%) indicating genetic improvement through direct genotypic selection. It is recommended that, farmers should adopt the use of genotypes with expressed additive gene action developed from variable components for crop improvement.
K. Abu-bakar, D. D. Musa, A. B. Kutawa et al.· Dutse Journal of Pure and Ap...· 0 citations
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