Aug 2026· Applied Artificial Intelligence Research· 53 references
Foot and Ankle Surgery
Abstract
Acute lateral ankle sprain is among the most frequent injuries in sports medicine, and its high recurrence rate and propensity toward chronic ankle instability (CAI) constitute a persistent clinical challenge. Conventional risk assessment—relying on subjective questionnaires, physical examination, and clinical experience—captures only part of the complex biomechanical and neuromuscular adaptations that follow an initial sprain. Recent advances in objective biomechanical profiling and machine learning (ML) have opened a new paradigm for individualized recurrence prediction. This review synthesizes the full translational chain from biomechanical marker identification to ML-based risk prediction. We first summarize key markers spanning gait kinetics (ground reaction forces and joint moments), proprioceptive and neuromuscular control deficits, and dynamic postural stability, highlighting the representational advantages of multimodal data fusion. We then compare mainstream ML architectures—including tree-based ensembles, recurrent networks for gait time series, and strategies for small-sample learning—and discuss the role of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in linking predictions to injury mechanisms. Evidence indicates that models integrating multimodal biomechanical features outperform conventional clinical scores (e.g., Ankle-GO, AUC 0.70), with few-shot learning systems achieving test accuracies of 0.89 and inertial-sensor-driven recurrent networks estimating ankle kinematics with coefficients of determination up to 0.93. Finally, we evaluate validation strategies, clinical utility in rehabilitation prescription and return-to-sport decisions, and wearable-based long-term monitoring, and we dissect the outstanding challenges of data standardization, model interpretability, annotation scarcity, and ethical governance. Emerging technologies—digital twins, federated learning, and generative AI for data augmentation—offer plausible routes toward a precise, interpretable, and equitable intelligent prevention ecosystem for recurrent ankle sprain.
This paper investigates a dynamic heterogeneous mobile edge computing network (HMECN), where mobile devices (MDs) could offload their full tasks to a small base station (SBS) directly or the macro base station (MBS) in direct or relay mode. As age of information (AoI) is a comprehensive and accurate metric to capture the freshness of computation results, we formulate a long-term weighted sum AoI (LWSA) minimization problem in the HMECN by jointly optimizing the offloading decisions of MDs as well as the bandwidth and computation resource allocation of all base stations, subject to energy, delay and peak AoI constraints. To address the formulated non-convex mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, we decompose it into the offloading decision optimization (ODO) top-problem and the resource allocation optimization (RAO) sub-problem. Based on the decomposition, we propose a federated learning (FL)-assisted hybrid DRL and convex approach that is comprised of a safe multi-agent DRL algorithm, convex optimization and FL. The ODO top-problem is solved by the safe multi-agent DRL algorithm, which strictly ensures that the actions of each agent do not exceed its energy constraint and then paves the way for using convex optimization to solve the RAO sub-problem. FL is used to alleviate the training instability problem aggravated by multi-agent settings via breaking the limitation of partial knowledge for each individual agent. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of the LWSA, convergence, scalability and robustness in dynamic environments.
Xiaoying Liu, Junhao Zheng, Kechen Zheng et al.· IEEE Transactions on Mobile...· 8 citations
Malicious clients participating in data collection and interaction may launch attacks such as model and data poisoning to degrade the performance of the global model and conceal their electricity theft behaviors. Although existing studies have introduced blockchain technology to achieve decentralization, they still suffer from limited pre-aggregation validation dimensions. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based federated learning approach with dual-verification (BFL-DV) for electricity theft detection. In the pre-aggregation stage, a multi-metric reputation-based consensus committee verification strategy is designed, which effectively mitigates the impact of malicious participants. In the post-aggregation stage, a dynamic threshold-based blockchain verification strategy is developed to counter security risks during the transmission process, which can refuse malicious global updates adaptively. Experimental results demonstrate that BFL-DV can accurately reduce the impact of all malicious clients under the data poisoning attack. Notably, across various proportions of malicious clients, the proposed framework achieves an average AUC improvement of 32.68% compared with SOTA methods, demonstrating its consistent performance advantage.
Fanghong Guo, Yaoming Lang, Shengwei Li et al.· IEEE Transactions on Smart G...· 1 citation
Digital twin (DT) technology is becoming a foundational component of next-generation 5G and 6G networks, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and collaborative research. However, integrating DTs with big data and AI introduces significant privacy, security, and governance challenges. This article presents a privacy-preserving DT intelligence framework that integrates federated learning (FL) and differential privacy (DP) within a secure, standards-based architecture. The design follows ISO/IEC 27001 for information security management, complies with EU GDPR principles for data minimization and consent, and aligns with 3GPP TS 33.501 security procedures for 5G networks. The architecture combines TLS-secured data ingestion, blockchain-backed audit trails, and policy-driven compliance monitoring to ensure trusted DT operations without centralizing sensitive data. By mapping key threat vectors to corresponding international standards, the framework offers a practical blueprint for secure and interoperable DT deployments. The article concludes with deployment considerations and a roadmap for extending existing standards to support AI-native digital twins in future 6G environments.
A new method for surgically removing training examples from a model reveals that as datasets grow, the link between what a model learns and what it produces dissolves.
