Current status and targeted therapies in endometrial cancer: Molecular classification-driven treatment strategies (Review)

Abstract

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies worldwide. Although numerous patients are diagnosed at an early stage with favorable outcomes, advanced and metastatic disease remains associated with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Advances in molecular characterization have reshaped the understanding of EC pathogenesis and enabled the development of classification-driven treatment strategies. The present review summarized current standard therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and highlighted the growing role of molecularly targeted treatments. The integration of pathogenetic, histopathological and molecular classifications provides a framework for identifying actionable alterations. Key oncogenic signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, were discussed in the context of therapeutic targeting and precision medicine. In addition, emerging strategies, particularly immunotherapy and combination approaches, were addressed. A deeper understanding of molecular heterogeneity may facilitate individualized treatment selection and improve clinical outcomes in patients with EC.