Active Learning with Bayesian Multi-Fidelity Laplace Neural Operators for Oscillatory Parametric PDEs

Abstract

Surrogate models of parametric dynamical systems are essential for many-query and real-time predictions in engineering applications such as design optimization and digital twins. However, generating high-fidelity (HF) training data over a broad range of parameters and operating conditions remains computationally expensive. To address this challenge, we propose a Bayesian multi-fidelity Laplace neural operator (MF-LNO) for uncertainty-aware active learning of oscillatory parametric PDEs. Specifically, the proposed Bayesian MF-LNO iteratively calibrates the discrepancy between low- and high-fidelity data, where predictive uncertainty guides the adaptive acquisition of informative HF trajectories. Such predictive uncertainty is quantified via replica-exchange stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (reSGLD), whose broad posterior exploration enables uncertainty to serve as an error indicator for adaptive HF sample acquisition. Numerical experiments on the Lorenz system, Duffing oscillator, and beam dynamics demonstrate that uncertainty-guided HF sample acquisition consistently outperforms random sampling, while the proposed Bayesian MF-LNO achieves higher prediction accuracy than MF-DeepONet with predictive uncertainty quantification. These results demonstrate that Bayesian multi-fidelity LNOs, combined with uncertainty-guided active learning, provide a data-efficient framework for operator learning in engineering dynamical systems.