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small language model

2,863 papers

#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Low-Discrepancy Dither for Quantized Recurrent State Caches

Mamba-style and hybrid language models compress their past into a fixed-size recurrent state that is rewritten at every generated token. Storing this state in low precision saves memory bandwidth, but every rounding error is fed back into the next update and can accumulate over long generations. Production systems roun...

Snigdha Chandan Khilar · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

ID Balancing: Stable Training of Extremely Sparse MoE via PID-Based Load Control

Scaling Large Language Models (LLMs) via Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enables massive parameter growth with nearly constant per-token computation. However, further scaling the parameter count requires increasingly sparse routing, where expert load imbalance becomes more severe. This imbalance reduces parameter utilization...

Peng Jin, Zi-Han Qiu, Ze-Kun Wang et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

SCORE-LM: State-Space Radar Representations with Language Models for Fault Diagnosis

Radar hardware faults threaten automated perception, motivating accurate, compact diagnosis and understandable maintenance guidance. We introduce SCORE-LM, which couples a small scatterer-conditioned operator-response encoder (SCORE) to an adapted local language model. SCORE combines self-referenced complex trajectorie...

Mainak Mallick, Seung-Kyum Choi · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Lasting Effects of Abstract Pretraining Beyond Perplexity

Language models are typically pretrained from random initialization. Recent work challenges this convention, showing that a brief warm-up on abstract, algorithmically generated data can provide a better starting point for subsequent learning of natural language. In this paper, we show that in small language models, suc...

Zachary Shinnick, Hemanth Saratchandran, Damien Teney et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

How Does Local Landscape Geometry Evolve in Language Model Pre-Training?

The scale and expense of pre-training language models make efficient hyperparameter tuning essential, yet a principled guidance is still missing. In this work, we analyze language model pre-training dynamics from a local landscape geometry perspective. Our study reveals two distinct phases. In Phase I, sharpness of the...

Zhan-Peng Zhou, Yu-Han Sun, Bing-Rui Li et al. · 1 citation
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

GFD-OPD: Guidance-Folded On-Policy Distillation of Diffusion Models Across Scales

On-policy distillation (OPD) has demonstrated two important capabilities in language models: compressing large teachers into smaller students and merging expert models into a single model. Existing diffusion OPD, however, mostly focus on the latter, with teachers and students sharing the same backbone and scale. We inv...

Zhen-Xing Zhang, Jia-Yan Teng, Wen-Xu Wu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Speculative Safety Honeypot: Toward Proactive Defense Against Multi-turn Agent Attacks

As Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in complex environments, multi-turn interaction attacks have become a significant security challenge. Existing detection methods typically rely on historical context. However, this retrospective logic struggles to identify deep malicious intents that are sp...

Ze-Zhong Wang, Xue-Yang Tang, Rui Lian et al. · 1 citation
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

From Imitation to Reward Discovery: On-Policy Warmup for Agentic RL

Reinforcement learning with a verifiable reward (RLVR) offers a scalable approach to training language-model agents, yet sparse outcome rewards can leave early training with little signal for policy improvement. We identify an On-Policy Acceleration Phenomenon: in our main comparisons, RLVR initialized with on-policy d...

Yi-Tong Qiao, Tian-Tian He, Lei Liu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

From Search to Signal: Online Post-Training in Automatic Heuristic Design

Large language model (LLM)-based automatic heuristic design (AHD) iteratively proposes and refines heuristics, pairing design rationales with executable code. Task-specific evaluators assess programs; execution outcomes and performance scores guide search. Many AHD systems keep the generator frozen; EvoTune and Co-Evol...

Yi-Lun Yuan, Tian-Yu Zhou, Zhen-Zhou Tang · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

GRPO Training Dynamics for Small Language Models

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a memory-efficient reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT) technique for reasoning-intensive tasks. How- ever, GRPO training dynamics on small language models (SLMs) remain poorly understood, limiting its reliable adoption and reproducibility in open and resource- constr...

Rajat Ghosh, Vaishnavi Bhargava, Henry Wong et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Beyond Text: LLM-Based Dimensional Emotion Evaluation in Multimodal Dialogue

Emotion recognition in conversation has been widely studied, but applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to continuous dimensional emotion evaluation in multimodal dialogue remains largely unexplored. We propose an LLM-based framework that performs discrete emotion recognition and Valence-Arousal-Dominance (VAD) dimensio...

Yu-Tong Hu, Jin-Ho D. Choi · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Does Learning Protein Folding Generalize to Broader Reasoning?

Large language models rely heavily on human text, which often conveys surface answers rather than the spatial and structural logic behind them. Protein folding is a natural testbed, because one solved structure yields thousands of exactly checkable spatial and topological statements. We ask: can learning to fold protei...

Yong Liu, Zhan-Peng Shi, Yi-Zhou Dang et al. · 0 citations

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