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#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Extending Pathwise Gradients to Discrete Random Variables via Finite-Order Relaxation

Pathwise gradients are preferred for continuous random variables because they are unbiased, low variance, and work with a single sample. For discrete variables, however, the pathwise identity cannot generally be exact for every differentiable function. We propose a general framework to construct finite-order exact path...

Donghan He, Luhuan Wu · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Adversarially Trained Linear Transformers Are Optimal Robust In-Context Learners for Gaussian Mixtures

Adversarial training is one of the most reliable defenses against adversarial attacks, but its high computational cost must generally be paid anew for each task. Robust foundation models offer a promising alternative: adversarially pretrain a model once and then transfer its robustness to downstream tasks through light...

Soichiro Kumano · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Learning a Mixture of GFlowNets

Learning an ensemble of GFlowNets to sample from a discrete target distribution has become a common approach for achieving better state space exploration and convergence than that of a monolithic sampler. However, these methods often add a substantial runtime overhead to the base model, and their conceptual connection...

Tiago da Silva, Amauri H. Souza, Salem Lahlou · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Structure, Not Belief: Correlated Thompson Sampling from LLM-Derived Covariance in Combinatorial Semi-Bandits

Combinatorial Thompson sampling (CTS) draws independent posterior samples for every arm, so its exploration dynamics ignore any relation among arms. We study a minimal change to those dynamics: an LLM is queried once for a partition of the arms, the partition becomes a positive-definite correlation matrix $\Sigma$ thro...

Vikram Kakaria, Anish Kataria, Anany Kotawala · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Active Feature Acquisition for Cost-Efficient Temporal Prediction with Reduced Participant Burden

Accurate forecasting of pathological outcomes is a central problem in psychology. To do so, psychologists often collect intensive longitudinal data. However, in such studies, the desire to acquire a large number of variables for the sake of accurate prediction is often counteracted by the need to minimize participant b...

Yunni Qu (Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Bing Cai Kok (Department of Psychology and Neuroscience et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Conditional Flow Matching for Transport Between Markov Processes

Motivated by sequence-to-sequence transport in the context time-series domain adaptation, we study the problem of transportation between trajectories of Markov processes. Given a limited number of trajectories from source distribution and the target distribution, we formulate a flow matching based algorithm which learn...

Syamantak Kumar, D. Nagaraj, Saptarshi Roy et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

A theory of platonic representations in language models

Representations of translated sentences are similar in the inner layers of multilingual language models -- an observation connected to the platonic representation hypothesis, yet unexplained theoretically. We provide an explanation based on the assumption that data have a hidden hierarchical structure whose abstract le...

Darshil Doshi, Wenjie Zhou, Corinna Elena Wegner et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Sample-Optimal Estimation of the Fr\'echet Inception Distance

The Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is widely used to evaluate generative models, but its empirical plug-in estimator suffers from finite-sample bias [BSAG18, CF20]. We study the sample complexity $n$ of estimating FID to error $\epsilon$ between $d$-dimensional Gaussians with bounded mean distance and covariances,...

Ziyun Chen, Jerry Li, Kevin Tian et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

The Premise Is the Problem: Exchangeability Failure in Self-Monitored Test-Time Adaptation

Modern forecasting models are often updated after deployment so they can respond to changing data. These updates can also make predictions worse, so practical systems need a reliable monitor that can detect harmful changes and trigger protection. A natural design is to monitor the same prediction errors that guide the...

Weijia Han, Lisha Qu, Zhenda Li et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Near-Optimal Sample Complexity for Recursive Entropic Risk Reinforcement Learning with a Generative Model

In this paper, we study the sample complexities of value and policy learning in finite discounted Markov decision processes (MDPs) under recursive entropic risk preferences with risk parameter \(\beta\neq 0\), assuming access to a generative model of the MDP. We provide a refined analysis of model-based risk-sensitive...

Amirparsa Bahrami, Oliver Mortensen, Mohammad Sadegh Talebi · 0 citations
#data science Open access Oct 2026

CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF 1-ALKYL-QUINAZOLIN-4(3H)-ONES WITH p-CHLOROPHENYL FRAGMENT

Quinazolin-4(3H)-one and quinazoline-2,4-dione cores represent key pharmacophores widely encountered in medicinal chemistry and materials science [1,2]. We present the crystal structures of three novel 4-chlorophenyl quinazolinones: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-heptylquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I), 3-(4-chlorophenyl) -1-isob...

A.G. Tojiboev, F.A. Zulpanov, M. Bodensteiner et al. · 0 citations
#data science Open access Oct 2026

CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF 1-ALKYL-QUINAZOLIN-4(3H)-ONES WITH p-CHLOROPHENYL FRAGMENT

Quinazolin-4(3H)-one and quinazoline-2,4-dione cores represent key pharmacophores widely encountered in medicinal chemistry and materials science [1,2]. We present the crystal structures of three novel 4-chlorophenyl quinazolinones: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-heptylquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I), 3-(4-chlorophenyl) -1-isob...

A.G. Tojiboev, F.A. Zulpanov, M. Bodensteiner et al. · 0 citations

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Microsoft Research Blog Oct 6, 2026

What AI gets wrong and what failure teaches us

Jennifer Neville did not want to go into computer science—but that’s exactly where she landed. Neville discusses the starts and stops that led to her professional sweet spot and her work identifying “surprising failures” making it hard for AI to handle complexity.  The post What AI gets wrong and what failure teaches us appeared first on Microsoft Research.

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