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data science

2,616 papers

#machine learning Preprint Open access Sep 2026

Neural Scaling Laws of Transformer Operator Network

Transformers have emerged as powerful architectures for learning solution operators of physical systems. Empirically the prediction error has been observed to decrease when the data size and model size increase, suggesting neural scaling behavior. Yet a theoretical understanding of such scaling laws for transformer-bas...

Haoran Yan, Zhongjie Shi, Yuanzhe Xi et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Domain-Adapted Diffusion Models for Conditional Independence Testing

Conditional independence (CI) is a fundamental concept in statistics and machine learning. Recent advances in conditional generative modeling provide flexible tools for generative-model-based CI tests, which rely on an estimated conditional distribution to generate randomized samples. However, errors in estimating this...

Yan-Feng Yang, Jun-Da Zhao, Yi-Jie Gao et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Sharp training-conditional coverage for conformal prediction under covariate shift

Weighted split conformal prediction reweights calibration scores by the likelihood ratio between the test and training covariate distributions and guarantees marginal coverage under covariate shift. We study its coverage conditional on the calibration data. An elementary argument, based on a single concentration inequa...

Mehrdad Pournaderi · 1 citation
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

The Statistical Benefits of Multiple Responses for Learning from Demonstrations

It is found that multiple responses provide a qualitatively stronger benefit in this setting of generative systems, and is shown that a greedy multiplicative-weights learner achieving the upper bounds without any assumption on demonstrator quality is possible.

Chandramauli Chakraborty, Cong Ma · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Offline Policy Evaluation via Mixed Bellman Residuals and Adaptive Critic Representations

A convex combination of one-step and two-step residuals with a fixed mixing weight is considered to provide a natural bias--variance trade-off between approximation error under a restricted value-function class and the increased variance arising from multi-step importance weighting.

Amitakshar Biswas, Yu-Han Li, Ruo-Qing Zhu · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Can Tabular Foundation Models Amortize Statistical Inference?

TabCon is developed, an amortized inference system built on a tabular foundation model that produces confidence intervals for new datasets through a simple forward pass, and offers considerably greater computational efficiency than the classical bootstrap procedure.

Kai Ye, Shi-Jin Gong, Hong-Yi Zhou et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Byzantine-Robust Federated RAG via Aligned Calibration and Fixed-Membership Conformal Prediction

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) lets language models answer questions more accurately by consulting relevant documents. Many valuable collections, such as medical records, cannot be pooled because of privacy rules. Federated RAG leaves each collection with its owner, or node, which scores candidate answers from it...

Prasanjit Dubey, Xiao-Ming Huo · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Sliced Orlicz-Wasserstein

We propose sliced Orlicz-Wasserstein (SOW) distance which is a generalization of sliced Wasserstein (SW) distance. SOW replaces the $L^p$ norm in SW with a Luxemburg norm cost induced by an Orlicz function $\phi$. First, we prove that SOW distance is a metric on the space of measures with finite Orlicz norm, and show t...

B. Tran, K. Nguyễn · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Domain Adaptation with Target Information via Doubly-Anchored Distributionally Robust Optimization

A doubly-anchored DRO framework whose ambiguity set is the intersection of $\phi$-divergence balls centered at the source law and a source-completed target reference law, the latter pairing the target covariate law with the source conditional law is introduced.

D. Kepplinger, Anand N. Vidyashankar · 0 citations

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Microsoft Research Blog Oct 6, 2026

What AI gets wrong and what failure teaches us

Jennifer Neville did not want to go into computer science—but that’s exactly where she landed. Neville discusses the starts and stops that led to her professional sweet spot and her work identifying “surprising failures” making it hard for AI to handle complexity.  The post What AI gets wrong and what failure teaches us appeared first on Microsoft Research.

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