Ensuring food supply chain transparency through blockchain-driven traceability
Food supply chains face increasing challenges related to transparency, traceability, and data integrity. This study proposes a blockchain-based traceability framework integrating the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) , Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and a hybrid GM-PBFT consensus mechanism to ensure secure and efficient data sharing across stakeholders. The proposed system combines on-chain and off-chain storage to reduce blockchain overhead while preserving data immutability. A MobileNetV1-based model is incorporated for product quality assessment. Experimental evaluation using Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum test networks demonstrates improved performance, achieving 99.3% traceability accuracy, 37% faster recall response, and reduced data tampering risk. The results confirm that the proposed approach enhances transparency, scalability, and trust in agri-food supply chains. The proposed system utilizes a hybrid blockchain architecture, combining Hyperledger Fabric (permissioned blockchain) for secure enterprise-level transactions and Ethereum Layer-2 network for scalability and smart contract execution.