Xiaoting Geng

Discovery of Novel Carbohydrazide-Containing Formononetin Derivatives as Potential Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Agents.

A series of formononetin derivatives containing carbohydrate structures were designed and synthesized, and the in vitro antifungal activities of these compounds were evaluated. Among them, X4 displayed the most potent antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani (Rs), with an EC50 value of 0.58 μg/mL, outperforming azoxystrobin (Az, EC50 = 6.87 μg/mL), fluopyram (Fl, EC50 = 47.74 μg/mL), and boscalid (BC, EC50 = 1.02 μg/mL). In vivo antifungal assays conducted on rice leaves and kiwifruit demonstrated that X4 displayed satisfactory protective and curative effects. Meanwhile, X4 exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against both sclerotium formation and germination of Rs. As verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and MDA assays, X4 inhibited fungal growth by disrupting the integrity of the mycelial cell membrane and inducing lipid peroxidation. Molecular docking experiments combined with SDH activity assays indicated that X4 engages in favorable interactions with SDH.

Design, synthesis and bioactivity of benzoxazinone-containing formononetin derivatives.

BACKGROUND Phytopathogens have long compromised the yield and quality of crops worldwide, and the overuse of conventional synthetic pesticides has engendered a series of ecological and environmental issues. Consequently, the development of low-toxicity, high-efficacy and environmentally benign pesticides has become an urgent imperative. RESULTS Using the natural product formononetin as starting material, a series of formononetin derivatives bearing benzoxazinone moiety were designed and synthesized, and their in vitro antifungal activities against 10 phytopathogenic fungi were evaluated. The results revealed that J21 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect against Phomopsis sp. (Ps), with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 7.58 μg mL-1, which was significantly superior to that of the commercial fungicide azoxystrobin (Az, 30.32 μg mL-1). In in vivo antifungal assays, at a concentration of 200 μg mL-1 J21 displayed curative and protective activities of 56.1% and 66.8% against kiwifruit soft rot, respectively, outperforming Az (47.8% and 63.3%). Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that J21 induces morphological deformation and damage to hyphae, disrupts cell membrane integrity, triggers oxidative stress and interferes with normal physiological metabolism of the pathogen. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicated that J21 possesses favorable electronic structural properties. CONCLUSION J21 displays promising antifungal activity and represents a potential lead compound for antifungal development. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis and antifungal activity evaluation of flavonol derivatives containing an imidazolidinone moiety.

Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Formononetin-Benzothiazole Hybrids with Preliminary Mechanistic Insights.

Although the precise molecular target remains unknown, H2 shows promise as a lead candidate, and the benzothiazole moiety appears critical for enhancing activity, and the preliminary basis for developing eco-friendly fungicides is provided.

Novel Flavonol Derivatives Bearing a 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline Moiety: Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Phytophthora capsici Activity.

Mechanistic studies revealed that Q8 disrupted cell membrane integrity and inhibited succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, with computational simulations suggesting a higher binding affinity for SDH than fluopyram.