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Sorelle A. Friedler

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Preprint Aug 2026

The Beginning of ChatGPT Ads

The first empirical study of advertising content being rolled out in the user-facing online interfaces of large language models (LLMs) finds that accounts begin receiving ads 14 days after account creation, and that lower-income accounts are more likely to receive ads.

Emma Lurie, Ro Encarnación, Sorelle A. Friedler et al. · 0 citations
#human-computer interacti... Preprint Sep 2026

Accounting for Stochasticity in Studies of Large Language Model Refusal

We present preliminary empirical evidence that single-observation queries are insufficient for evaluations of LLM refusal behaviors. Using a longitudinal auditing system, we issued identical prompts 100 times each across four dates to GPT-4.1 for two socially salient topics across 20 Wikipedia sources. Refusal outcomes...

Emma Lurie, Stephanie T. Wang, Sorelle A. Friedler et al. · 0 citations

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