Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Adaptive Protection Relays: A Systematic Comparative Review of Algorithms, Applications, and Performance Metrics
The accelerating integration of inverter-based resources (IBR) and distributed generation (DG)—with IBR penetration now exceeding 40% in many distribution networks and fault-current contribution curtailed to 1.0–1.5 p.u. versus 5–10 p.u. for synchronous generators—has measurably reduced the efficacy of conventional pow...
Sipho P Lafleni, Tlotlollo Sidwell Hlalele, Mbuyu Sumbwanyambe
· Energies · 0 citations