Review
Open access
2026
From bits to atoms: A survey of cross-layer safety in Embodied AI
Embodied Artificial Intelligence (AI) introduces cyber–physical risks because digital failures and attacks can cause physical harm. This survey organizes embodied AI safety through a four-layer reference architecture — comprising the physical interaction, system and middleware, algorithm and decision, and cloud–edge an...
Tuo Feng, Yue Zhang, Shi-Ji Zhou et al.
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