Levels of Autonomy in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery: Current Capabilities and Evolutionary Pathways
The review concludes with the main barriers to clinical translation, including the sim-to-real gap, deformable tissue modeling, and safety and regulatory requirements, which show how embodied intelligence may influence future autonomous surgery in the operating room.
Qing-Xuan Guo
· Applied and Computational En... · 0 citations