Geospatial embeddings detect old-growth forests but buffered spatial validation narrows their advantage over Sentinel features
Old-growth forests develop over centuries under minimal anthropogenic disturbance, producing structurally complex and biodiverse stands. In Europe, protecting them requires mapping that is accurate for individual forest parcels yet deployable continent-wide. Geospatial foundation model (GFM) embeddings enable label-sca...
Thomas Ratsakatika, Mihai Zotta, Srinivasan Keshav et al.
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