Sodium oxamate-functionalized microspheres alleviate Intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting excessive glycolysis in nucleus pulposus cells.
It is demonstrated that glycolytic reprogramming via SO synergizes potently with TGF-β3 to mitigate IVDD progression, and that the S-T@GM microsphere platform represents a promising integrative strategy that simultaneously targets metabolic dysfunction and impaired regeneration for effective intervertebral disc repair.