Cost-effective tariff-aware HVAC coordination in Saudi residential buildings using physics-informed deep reinforcement learning
Abstract When multiple On/Off split air-conditioning units in Saudi residential buildings activate simultaneously, the resulting peak demand spike stresses the electrical grid and inflates monthly bills under the kingdom’s two-tier tariff (0.18 SAR/kWh $$\leq$$ 6,000 kWh; 0.30 SAR/kWh above). This paper proposes a Phys...