From ice hazards to system failures: analysis and prevention of catastrophic icebreaker escort accidents on the Northern Sea Route
The study examines catastrophic safety incidents in icebreaker escort operations on the Northern Sea Route (NSR). It develops strategies to prevent future accidents by analysing the Baikal–Vladivostok accident in the Yenisey Gulf of the Kara Sea in 2024 as a case study using the Swiss Cheese Model (SCM). The SCM-based...