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A. G

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#edge computing Review Open access Aug 2026

Spatial Domain Image Steganography: A Comprehensive Review

A comprehensive review of spatial domain image steganography by examining its historical development, fundamental concepts, classification, and major techniques, including Least Significant Bit (LSB), Adaptive LSB, Pixel Value Differencing (PVD), Pixel Indicator Technique (PIT), Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP), edge-based methods, and other adaptive spatial approaches.

N. S., Sidha P. P., A. G et al. · 0 citations

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