Assessment of Biofertilizers and Biozyme Application for Sustainable Chrysanthemum Cultivation

Abstract

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) is one of the most important ornamental crops because of its aesthetic value, diverse flower forms and commercial significance in the floriculture industry. Sustainable chrysanthemum production has received increasing attention owing to concerns about excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers and the need to maintain soil health and environmental quality. Biofertilizers provide a biologically based approach to improving nutrient availability, plant growth and soil fertility through the activity of beneficial microorganisms, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate- and potassium-solubilizing microorganisms, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), mycorrhizal fungi and microbial consortia. These microorganisms enhance nutrient cycling, root development, nutrient uptake and plant growth, while also contributing to improved tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and temperature extremes. Biozymes, as organic biostimulant formulations, further support physiological and metabolic processes that promote nutrient utilization, plant vigor and overall crop performance. The combined application of biofertilizers and biozymes through suitable methods, including soil application, seed or cutting treatment, foliar spray and drip irrigation, offers considerable potential for sustainable chrysanthemum cultivation. However, their effectiveness may vary depending on microbial strain, formulation quality, soil characteristics, crop stage and environmental conditions. This review summarizes the mechanisms, applications and benefits of biofertilizers and biozymes in chrysanthemum production and highlights current knowledge gaps and future research needs for developing efficient, climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable floriculture systems.