Aug 2026· Diabetes, obesity and metabolism· 0 citations
Medicine
TL;DR
The metabolic phenotypes were explored in a primary care T2DM cohort, supporting their reproducibility across clinical settings and vitamin D status varied by phenotype severity, with more severe phenotypes more likely to exhibit insufficiency.
Abstract
Aims
This study aimed to perform an exploratory characterisation of metabolic phenotypes in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using a predefined approach and examine their association with vitamin D status.
Materials And Methods
This cross-sectional study included 178 participants randomly selected in Sergipe, Brazil. Phenotypic clusters were derived using body mass index (BMI), glycated haemoglobin levels, age at diagnosis, insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) for insulin resistance) and β-cell function (HOMA-B). To explore differences across phenotypes, we evaluated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] and serum ferritin levels, waist circumference and BMI, serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and therapeutic profile. Clustering was performed using the K-medoids algorithm. Group comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's exact tests and associations were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Four metabolic phenotypes were identified: two more severe clusters (severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD)-like and severe insulin-resistant diabetes-like) and two milder clusters (mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD)-like and mild age-related diabetes (MARD)-like). Significant differences were observed in age, insulin use, waist circumference and fasting glucose, triglycerides and hs-CRP levels. Median 25(OH)D levels were lower in severe phenotypes compared with milder phenotypes. The SIDD-like group, characterised by marked insulin deficiency, showed 3.68-fold higher odds of vitamin D insufficiency (< 30 ng/mL) compared with the MARD-like phenotype (p = 0.013).
Conclusions
The metabolic phenotypes were explored in a primary care T2DM cohort, supporting their reproducibility across clinical settings. Vitamin D status varied by phenotype severity, with more severe phenotypes more likely to exhibit insufficiency.
This study constructed a pH-responsive P-TN/SF@Fe-Cur composite coating that demonstrated significant anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, pro-angiogenic, and pro-osteogenic effects in rat subcutaneous infection and femoral defect models.
The results show that alternative transcript diversity extensively enters translation-supported proteoform space and establish a systematic link between transcript variation and protein functional diversification.
Felicia T. Jiang, Dengwang Chen, Ziwei Wang et al.· bioRxiv· 1 citation
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