Development of A Behavior-Based Safety Model Using EFA, CFA, and Structural Equation Modeling at PT XYZ
Abstract
Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) is an important approach to reducing unsafe actions and strengthening occupational safety performance. However, the factors shaping safety behavior may vary across organizational contexts, requiring an empirically validated model to identify the most influential determinants. This study aims to develop a Behavior-Based Safety model at PT XYZ by integrating Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Data were collected from 200 workers using a structured questionnaire covering individual, organizational, and safety management factors. EFA was applied to explore the underlying factor structure, followed by CFA to validate the measurement model and SEM to examine the relationships between the identified factors and safety behavior. The EFA results confirmed the adequacy of the data and established 11 factor groups after eliminating indicators with cross-loading or insufficient factor loading. The final model demonstrated a satisfactory goodness of fit (χ² = 219.888, p = 0.126, GFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.990, CFI = 0.993, and RMSEA = 0.024). SEM results revealed that worker attitude (p = 0.004) and company occupational safety and health regulations (p = 0.003) had significant positive effects on safety behavior, whereas knowledge, safety equipment, work relationships, personal protective equipment availability and monitoring, safety training, rewards, and punishment showed no significant direct effects. These findings indicate that effective BBS implementation should prioritize the development of positive safety attitudes and the consistent implementation of safety regulations. The proposed EFA–CFA–SEM model provides an empirically validated framework for identifying key determinants of safety behavior and supports the development of targeted safety interventions, including safety briefings, workplace safety audits, and structured safety reporting systems at PT XYZ.