A Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Architectures, Power Flow Mechanisms, and Standardization Frameworks

Abstract

The fast pace of electric vehicle (EV) adoption has increased pressure on effective, consistent, and scalable charging infrastructure. In this paper, I provide a detailed overview of the EV charging system, including charging technologies, station designs, power flow designs, standards, and optimization methods. The most developed and implemented technology is known as conductive charging and wireless charging has better convenience to the user with continuous efficiency and cost problem. The different charging structures, such as the AC, DC, hybrid, and renewable-integrated architecture are contrasted in performance, scale, and interacting with the grids. The course of power transmission between Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and voice-to-Everything (V2X) are mentioned and the use of EVs as active energy sources is noted. Artificial intelligence-based smart charging methods are demonstrated to increase grid stability and energy management. Moreover, such critical issues as grid overload, battery degradation, security concerns, and the absence of standardization is discussed. Lastly, the research directions towards an intelligent, sustainable, and decentralized solution to charging are described.