Energy Management of Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging and Hydrogen Refueling Station With Mobile Charging Unit

Abstract

The increased charging demand of electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell EVs has created an additional burden on the fossil fuel‐based electric grid. The article proposes a hybrid energy system (HES)‐based integrated EV charging and hydrogen refueling stations with mobility‐assisted storage flexibility, that is, a mobile charging unit (MCU). As the system has multiple sources and services, a priority‐based energy management framework is designed to maximize use of renewable energy sources (RES). To achieve techno‐economic benefits, a lexicographic optimization with slack‐based demand modeling is introduced to coordinate renewable generation, hydrogen production, grid interaction, and MCU scheduling under realistic operational constraints. Results demonstrate that the proposed system significantly improves RES utilization up to 95% and reduces grid dependency up to 86.53%. Multiobjective optimization enhances economic performance by 19.33% and customer satisfaction by 95% in all seasons. The proposed system provides a significant annual profitability and sustainability for multienergy charging infrastructure.