Coordinated EV Charging Pricing and Distributed Reactive Support for Secure High-Penetration Distribution Networks

Abstract

High-penetration electric-vehicle charging increasingly couples charging-service operation with distribution-network voltage security. However, existing pricing strategies often optimize user response or station profit separately from feeder-side voltage constraints. This paper proposes a coordinated rolling optimization method for station-wise EV charging pricing and distributed photovoltaic inverter reactive support in high-penetration source–load distribution networks. A utility-based probabilistic station-choice model captures user responses to charging cost, travel time, charging duration, and expected waiting time. A queue-aware charging-service simulator then updates charger occupation, queue carryover, and station-level charging loads over rolling intervals. These endogenous loads are mapped to distribution-network buses and evaluated using a second-order-cone branch-flow model with reactive support, enabling voltage-infeasible pricing decisions to be identified during optimization. A two-layer rolling procedure coordinates demand shaping and voltage support. Case studies show that pricing alone cannot restore feeder security during evening peaks. Compared with fixed pricing with reactive support, the proposed strategy increases operator profit by 37.74%, reduces expected waiting burden by 28.18%, lowers feeder losses by 9.03%, and reduces the station-load peak–valley gap by 24.46%. Results confirm that reactive support restores voltage feasibility, while dynamic pricing improves service and economic performance.