Analysis of Microservice Approaches to V2X Systems with Edge Computing

Abstract

Relevance . The development of V2X systems and the migration of computing toward edge and fog nodes require containerization and orchestration mechanisms; however, the overhead introduced by the orchestration platform itself can reduce the benefit of distributed service placement and is particularly important for resource-constrained infrastructure. The aim of the study is to estimate the resource cost of using KubeEdge on top of K3s under an identical microservice workload that emulates V2X message processing and to establish a baseline for subsequent evaluation of service placement algorithms. Methods. A review and systematization of current microservice approaches to V2X, edge, and fog computing were carried out. K3s and K3s + KubeEdge configurations were experimentally compared on the same cloud VPS with unchanged hardware resources, software environment, and five workload profiles from idle to stress. Each profile was executed three times and the obtained results were averaged. CPU utilization, RAM consumption, network traffic, request counts, and the 95th and 99th latency percentiles were measured. Results . Adding KubeEdge increased RAM consumption by approximately 95–105 MB, or 6–8 % relative to K3s. Differences in CPU utilization, network traffic, and latency were minor; the increase in p95/p99 under high load occurred in both configurations and was primarily associated with node saturation. Novelty. The study separately evaluates the platform overhead of KubeEdge while keeping the V2X-oriented application workload unchanged. Practical significance . The obtained baseline can be used in further experiments to compare fixed and adaptive microservice placement in a distributed cloud–edge environment and to distinguish the application-level effect of balancing algorithms from orchestration overhead.