Nanomaterials for Sustainable Synthesis: Transforming Water Pollutant Remediation Technology

Abstract

The synthesis methods of nanomaterials, focusing on bottom-up, top-down, and hybrid approaches, as well as the varied applications of nanomaterials, have been a great concern of the present era. Top-down methods like physical vapour deposition, spray processes, freeze-drying, and electrospinning are employed to produce nanofibers and well-integrated structures in thin films. Hybrid synthesis is leveraged for creating innovative nanostructures, and green synthesis serves as an efficient method to mitigate environmental issues. Nanomaterials play a crucial role in environmental remediation, with carbon- and silica-based nanocomposites effectively catalysing pollutants. In the biomedical field, nanocomposites are utilized for imaging, drug delivery, and therapeutic monitoring. In agriculture, nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides are applied to enhance crop yield and manage pests. The food industry employs nanomaterials to prevent contamination in packaging. Water purification is another widespread application of nanomaterials, removing toxic metals, organic dyes, and bacteria. This review highlights the versatility and potential of nanomaterials in advancing technology and addressing environmental challenges.