MEDICATIONS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ADHD AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder frequently requiring long-term pharmacological treatment. The medications used in ADHD management, particularly stimulant agents and non-stimulant therapies, may influence cardiovascular function through effects on sympathetic activity, heart rate, and vascular tone. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding the potential association between ADHD medications and cardiovascular outcomes, with particular emphasis on arrhythmias and changes in arterial blood pressure. We analyze findings from previously published studies evaluating the effects of pharmacological treatment on blood pressure, heart rate, and the occurrence or risk of cardiac rhythm disturbances in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD. Current evidence suggests that ADHD medications may be associated with modest changes in blood pressure and heart rate, although the clinical significance of these effects varies among individuals and treatment modalities. The potential risk of arrhythmias remains an important consideration, particularly in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease or other risk factors. The review highlights the importance of individualized risk assessment, baseline cardiovascular evaluation, and appropriate monitoring during treatment. Further research is needed to clarify long-term cardiovascular outcomes and identify patients who may be particularly susceptible to adverse cardiovascular effects.