A sharp covering theorem and Solyanik estimates for Euclidean balls

Abstract

For every finite family of Euclidean balls in $\mathbb{R}^n$, $n\ge2$, and every $0<\delta<1/2$, we select a subfamily whose $(1+\delta)$-dilations cover the original union and whose undilated balls have multiplicity at most $C_n\delta^{-(n-1)/2}$. This proves the covering estimate conjectured by Han and Lu \cite{HL}. As an application, we determine the optimal Solyanik asymptotic \[ \mathcal C_n(\alpha)-1\asymp_n(1-\alpha)^{2/(n+1)} \qquad(\alpha\uparrow1) \] for the uncentered Hardy--Littlewood maximal operator over Euclidean balls, which is Conjecture~1(b) of Hagelstein and Parissis \cite{HP14}. For the modified uncentered maximal operators, we determine the optimal weak $(1,1)$ growth rate $(k-1)^{-(n-1)/2}$ as $k\downarrow1$, uniformly over Radon measures. We also obtain the corresponding $L^p$ and Fefferman--Stein bounds.