TIDE: Trustworthy and Interpretable Battery Degradation Estimation with Contextual Learning and Symbolic Distillation

Abstract

Battery health estimation is fundamental for battery management in battery-powered systems, where inaccurate health states may affect control, maintenance, and service life. It becomes even more critical in intelligent connected systems, where estimation errors can propagate across interconnected devices and downstream decisions. In this paper, we propose TIDE, a trustworthy and interpretable battery degradation estimator for reliable battery health estimation. TIDE jointly considers accuracy, trustworthiness, and interpretability, which are all essential for practical deployment and downstream decision making. To realize these objectives, TIDE combines battery-domain knowledge with operational measurements in a three-component backbone. A knowledge-guided degradation prior promotes trustworthy estimation, a monotone residual component provides interpretable aging-consistent refinement, and a contextual learning component captures battery-specific operational effects for improved accuracy. The trained backbone is then distilled into a compact symbolic surrogate to provide model-level interpretability and support deployment. Experiments show that TIDE achieves strong estimation accuracy, improving overall estimation fidelity by an average of 19.7% over representative baselines. Its knowledge-guided prior and monotone residual modelling substantially reduce aging-consistency violations, supporting trustworthy estimation. Meanwhile, the backbone enables component-level interpretation, while symbolic distillation provides a compact model-level representation of the learned estimation logic. These results support the practical use of TIDE for battery health monitoring and decision support in intelligent connected systems.